Mittlere Trefferzahlen und geometrische Wahrscheinlichkeiten

Summary The autors discuss various applications of a general formula for a mean value, which is based on the mean number of meetings of a plane region with a plane system of regions. The formulæ obtained can be applied in the treatment of suitable scientific and technical problems where such mean values and geometrical probabilities occur.     

Co-localization of galectin-1 with GM1 ganglioside in the course of its clathrin- and raft-dependent endocytosis

Mammalian galectin-1 (Gal-1), a beta-galactoside-binding lectin has a prominent role in regulating cell adhesion, cell growth and immune responses. Downregulation of these biological functions may occur via internalization of Gal-1. In the present study we have investigated the mechanism and possible mediator(s) of Gal-1 endocytosis. We show that internalization occurs at a temperature higher than 22 degrees C in an energy dependent fashion. After one hour incubation Gal-1 localizes in the Golgi system within the cells, and then disappears without accumulation in degradation compartments, such as lysosomes. Based on their strong intracellular co-localization, two glycoconjugates, GM1 ganglioside and CD7 are implicated in the sorting of internalized Gal-1 into Golgi. Other known Gal-1 binding glycoproteins on T cells (CD2, CD3, CD43 and CD45) do not cointernalize with the lectin. Internalization of Gal-1 depends on its lectin activity and follows dual pathways involving clathrin-coated vesicles and raft-dependent endocytosis.     

Nociception,neurogenic inflammation and thermoregulation in TRPV1 knockdown transgenic mice

Transgenic mice with a small hairpin RNA construct interfering with the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) were created by lentiviral transgenesis. TRPV1 expression level in transgenic mice was reduced to 8% while the expression of ankyrin repeat domain 1 (TRPA1) was unchanged. Ear oedema induced by topical application of TRPV1 agonist capsaicin was completely absent in TRPV1 knockdown mice. Thermoregulatory behaviour in relation to environmental thermopreference (30 vs. 35°C) was slightly impaired in male knockdown mice, but the reduction of TRPV1 function was not associated with enhanced hyperthermia. TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin induced hypothermia and tail vasodilatation was markedly inhibited in knockdown mice. In conclusion, shRNA-mediated knock down of the TRPV1 receptor in mice induced robust inhibition of the responses to TRPV1 agonists without altering the expression, gating function or neurogenic oedema provoked by TRPA1 activation. Thermoregulatory behaviour in response to heat was inhibited, but enhanced hyperthermia was not observed.     

A degradation-sensitive anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2) variant protects against chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis is a common inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Mutations in the genes encoding cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) and the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (SPINK1) are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Because increased proteolytic activity owing to mutated PRSS1 enhances the risk for chronic pancreatitis, mutations in the gene encoding anionic trypsinogen (PRSS2) may also predispose to disease. Here we analyzed PRSS2 in individuals with chronic pancreatitis and controls and found, to our surprise, that a variant of codon 191 (G191R) is overrepresented in control subjects: G191R was present in 220/6,459 (3.4%) controls but in only 32/2,466 (1.3%) affected individuals (odds ratio 0.37; P = 1.1 x 10(-8)). Upon activation by enterokinase or trypsin, purified recombinant G191R protein showed a complete loss of trypsin activity owing to the introduction of a new tryptic cleavage site that renders the enzyme hypersensitive to autocatalytic proteolysis. In conclusion, the G191R variant of PRSS2 mitigates intrapancreatic trypsin activity and thereby protects against chronic pancreatitis.     

既有线电气化铁路增建二线改造接触网与线路并行施工的几点体会

围绕既有线电气化铁路改造中接触网和线路并行施工的几个典型实例，指出在并行施工中，接触网下部施工中的具体做法。采用该办法施工，保证了改造项目的工期、质量。     

The pharmacological relevance of vital staining with neutral red

Summary The uptake of neutral red into the renin-containing juxtaglomerular granules does not inhibit the release of renin either in basal or in stimulated states of renin secretion. The vasodilating effect of neutral red may be due to a non-specific binding to noradrenaline-receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells.This work was supported by the German Research Foundation within the SFB 90 Cardiovasculäres System.