Validation of full cavitation model in cryogenic fluids

Numerical simulation of cavitation in cryogenic fluids is important in improving the stable operation of the propulsion system in liquid-fuel rocket. It also represents a broader class of problems where the fluid is operating close to its critical point and the thermal effects of cavitation are pronounced. The present article focuses on simulating cryogenic cavitation by implementing the “full cavitation model”, coupled with energy equation, in conjunction with iterative update of the real fluid properties at local temperatures. Steady state computations are then conducted on hydrofoil and ogive in liquid nitrogen and hydrogen respectively, based on which we explore the mechanism of cavitation with thermal effects. Comprehensive comparisons between the simulation results and experimental data as well as previous computations by other researchers validate the full cavitation model in cryogenic fluids. The sensitivity of cavity length to cavitation number is also examined. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50706042)     

Y-shaped beam splitter by graded structure design in a photonic crystal

We propose a method to bend a self-collimated beam in a photonic crystal. The beam bending relies on the gradual variation of the constitutive parameters of the photonic crystal. A new Y-shaped beam splitter is designed with a composite structure constructed using two graded photonic crystals. We demonstrate that the incident beam is divided into two output beams by the designed splitter. The power ratio of the two beams can be adjusted easily by changing the location of the input beam.     

淀粉水热还原铬酸钠过程动力学研究

为避免传统氧化铬工艺所产生的含铬副产物对环境的污染,本文提出了用淀粉水热还原铬酸钠生产氧化铬的新工艺。在对水热还原过程的反应规律及反应机理进行分析的基础上,对淀粉水热还原铬酸钠过程的动力学进行了研究,调查了影响六价铬还原转化率的因素。结果表明,反应温度、反应物浓度和反应时间是主要因素。选择等温、恒容、不可逆反应动力学模型来描述其反应过程,其动力学方程为：r=-d［Cr(Ⅵ)］/dt=1.367×10¹³e^{-100.566×1000/RT}［Cr(Ⅵ)］［St］,即指前因子、表观活化能和总反应级数分别为1.367×10¹³L/(mol·h)、100.566kJ/mol和二级或拟二级。该反应属化学反应控制,对Cr（Ⅵ）和淀粉均表现为一级或拟一级。     

Molecular characterization of avian influenza virus (H7N8) isolated from poultry in Central China in the mid-1980s

The molecular and pathogenic properties of avian influenza virus (A/duck/Hubei/216/1985/H7N8) isolated from Hubei Province of China in 1985 were characterized.The hemagglutinin gene (HA) of Dk/Hb/216/85/H7N8 had the multiple amino acid se-quences (-PEIPKGRG-) at the connecting peptide between HA1 and HA2, which is considered to be a distinguishing molecular characteristic of low pathogenicity.The key sites of host markers among the genes (M, NP, NS, PA and PB2) of Dk/Hb/ 216/85/H7N8 were similar to those of...     

A survey analysis of heavy metals bio-accumulation in internal organs of sea shell animals affected by the sustainable pollution of antifouling paints used for ships anchored at some domestic maritime spaces

Some samples of sea shell animals stuck and multiplied on the bottom （beneath the seawater） coated with antifouling paints were collected at some domestic maritime spaces, and the content of heavy metals was detected through Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy. Meanwhile, comparison with sea shell animals was made on market for edible use. It shows that the content of heavy metals in internal organs of these marine animals is very high due to the large amount of copper and zinc contained in the antifouling paints, and this also does severely harm to sea environment and ecology. To study and develop the novel antifouling paints without copper（I） oxide is an imperative task which brooks no delay.     

基于ANSYS优化分析的导管架损伤识别

采用有限元软件ANSYS自带的APDL语言和可以考虑水影响的PIPE59单元,建立了管架平台的参数化有限元模型,通过改变有限元模型中的单元几何参数和物理参数的方法,描述导管架在作业中常见的腐蚀、弯曲等损伤情况。选择和测取导管架上部远离损伤位置节点处的模态位移,创建目标函数;利用ANSYS的优化功能寻找某种对原完好导管架有限元模型进行修改后的模型,使其在测试节点的数据与预先建立的存在损伤的模型对应节点的数据趋于一致,从而实现识别导管架的损伤类型和损伤位置。计算结果表明当计算步数达到20000时,对于单处损伤的情况,损伤位置以及损伤程度识别准确率平均可达到90%以上;对于两处损伤同时存在的情况,损伤位置以及损伤程度识别准确率平均可达到70%以上。     

Effects of surface tension on bubble growth in an extensive uniformly superheated liquid

The study of bubble growth in an extensive pool of liquid provides considerable insight into the mechanisms that play a role in bubble growth near a heated surface and in the cavitation phenomenon. This work focuses on analyzing the effects of surface tension on the growth rate for the thermally controlled stage of a single bubble in such a liquid. The conservation of energy equations, including the internal energy term for the bubble and that within boundary layer around it, are numerically solved. The complete temporal variations of the bubble in water and liquid nitrogen are investigated based on the assumption that the bubble growth is controlled only in sequence by inertia and heat. Thus, the two stages are subject to the continuity of the bubble growth, while the inertia-controlled stage is only formulated by the well-known Rayleigh solution. The thickness of the boundary layer around the bubble is also determined. The results are comparable with the Plesset-Zwick models and Forster-Zuber models, as well as available experimental data. It is found that the influence of internal energy on the rate of bubble growth is small enough to be ignored; however, the accumulative effects of the surface tension are significant and increase with a decrease in the degree of superheat.     

10Be/7Be implies the contribution of stratosphere-troposphere transport to the winter-spring surface O3 variation observed on the Tibetan Plateau

10Be/7Be is a stratospheric sensitive tracer.In this paper,measurements of 10Be/7Be and surface O3 from October 2005 to May 2006 at Mt.Waliguan (hereafter WLG,100.898°E,39.287°N,3810 m,a.s.l.),China global atmospheric watch (GAW) observatory,are introduced and used to investigate the stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) and its impact on surface O3 on the Tibetan Plateau.The results show that the magnitude of STT is weak in winter,followed by strengthening from the end of winter to the middle of spring (from mid February to mid April) with large increases in 10Be,7Be,10Be/7Be and surface O3.At the end of spring (from the end of April to mid May in this paper),the STT weakened,and the continuous increase of surface O3 at WLG is produced by tropospheric photochemistry reactions.     

Monitoring of atmospheric radionuclides from the Fukushima nuclear accident and assessing their impact on Xi’an, China

Aerosol radionuclides (131I, 134Cs, 137Cs) and gaseous radioactive xenon (133Xe) were monitored at Xi’an, China following the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in March 2011. The additional annual effective dose attributable to the Fukushima emissions was much lower than the public annual effective dose from natural radiation, according to Chinese national standards. The monitoring results were compared with data from other countries as well as with the radionuclide concentrations observed in Xi’an after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. Possible transport pathways of the released radionuclides from Fukushima to Xi’an were investigated. The occurrence of an anticyclone in the Pacific Ocean region and the extended period over which the radionuclides were released made the determination transport pathways complex, but divergence in the plume and easterly flow evidently brought the initial suite of radionuclides to Xi’an.     

Pollution plumes observed by aircraft over North China during the IPAC-NC field campaign

Strong pollution emissions from large urban and industrial centres in eastern China are thought to greatly impact regional air quality and global atmospheric chemistry.In this study,we investigate extensive pollution plumes over North China,observed by aircraft during the IPAC-NC(Influence of Pollution on Aerosols and Cloud Microphysics in North China)field campaign in spring 2006.Several pollution plumes were encountered,characterized by sharp and strong increases of SO2and NOx(NO plus NO2)as well as remarkable O3variability.During a flight performed downwind of the megacity Tianjin on 9 April,O3was found to be depleted at NOx>15 ppbv and enhanced at NOx mixing ratios of 6–7 ppbv.Our analysis indicates that the plumes had recently been released by industrial plants,and partly mixed with urban emissions,giving rise to the large-scale transport of air pollution and substantial degradation of air quality.