单个水滴蒸发过冷过程的特性分析

为分析单个水滴在低温、低湿空气中的运动和蒸发特性,建立了描述整个传热传质及运动过程的数学模型,并通过对悬挂水滴的蒸发冷却实验验证了该模型的有效性.通过模拟计算获得了水滴温度、直径、速度和运动轨迹的变化规律,以及水滴初始参数和空气速度对制冰效率的影响.结果表明,水滴在某一喷射角度下,直径越小,同样的下落高度水滴水平飞行的距离越短,而相应的速度衰减则越快,同时水滴蒸发过冷所需的时间越短.另外,水滴初始温度越低和逆流空气速度越高,在很短的下落高度内,水滴就实现了过冷,而水滴直径的变化量随着初始水温和空气流速的增大而增大,因此对雾化水滴进行预冷却不仅可提高系统制冰效率,还能减少水滴的蒸发损失.     

中国古代河流泥沙运动力学的理论与实践

中国古代水流挟沙运动规律在西汉末年已有明确表述。北宋年间在治黄和治汁中，河流泥沙动力学获显著进展。明代后期潘季驯进行了系统的总结，并应用于指导黄河的治理实践，其理论成就在当时处于世界领先地位。     

On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals.

Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges. This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals. A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres. However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap. Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.     

Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules.

Devices that convert information from one form into another according to a definite procedure are known as automata. One such hypothetical device is the universal Turing machine, which stimulated work leading to the development of modern computers. The Turing machine and its special cases, including finite automata, operate by scanning a data tape, whose striking analogy to information-encoding biopolymers inspired several designs for molecular DNA computers. Laboratory-scale computing using DNA and human-assisted protocols has been demonstrated, but the realization of computing devices operating autonomously on the molecular scale remains rare. Here we describe a programmable finite automaton comprising DNA and DNA-manipulating enzymes that solves computational problems autonomously. The automaton's hardware consists of a restriction nuclease and ligase, the software and input are encoded by double-stranded DNA, and programming amounts to choosing appropriate software molecules. Upon mixing solutions containing these components, the automaton processes the input molecule via a cascade of restriction, hybridization and ligation cycles, producing a detectable output molecule that encodes the automaton's final state, and thus the computational result. In our implementation 1012 automata sharing the same software run independently and in parallel on inputs (which could, in principle, be distinct) in 120 microl solution at room temperature at a combined rate of 109 transitions per second with a transition fidelity greater than 99.8%, consuming less than 10-10 W.     

Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping.

Understanding the doping mechanisms in the simplest superconducting copper oxide-the infinite-layer compound ACuO2 (where A is an alkaline earth metal)-is an excellent way of investigating the pairing mechanism in high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors more generally. Gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration to obtain superconductivity is a powerful means of achieving such understanding: it minimizes the effects of potential scattering by impurities, and of structural modifications arising from chemical dopants. Here we report the transport properties of thin films of the infinite-layer compound CaCuO2 using field-effect doping. At high hole- and electron-doping levels, superconductivity is induced in the nominally insulating material. Maximum values of Tc of 89 K and 34 K are observed respectively for hole- and electron-type doping of around 0.15 charge carriers per CuO2. We can explore the whole doping diagram of the CuO2 plane while changing only a single electric parameter, the gate voltage.     

Annealing-induced interfacial toughening using a molecular nanolayer

Self-assembled molecular nanolayers (MNLs) composed of short organic chains and terminated with desired functional groups are attractive for modifying surface properties for a variety of applications. For example, organosilane MNLs are used as lubricants, in nanolithography, for corrosion protection and in the crystallization of biominerals. Recent work has explored uses of MNLs at thin-film interfaces, both as active components in molecular devices, and as passive layers, inhibiting interfacial diffusion, promoting adhesion and toughening brittle nanoporous structures. The relatively low stability of MNLs on surfaces at temperatures above 350-400 degrees C (refs 12, 13), as a result of desorption or degradation, limits the use of surface MNLs in high-temperature applications. Here we harness MNLs at thin-film interfaces at temperatures higher than the MNL desorption temperature to fortify copper-dielectric interfaces relevant to wiring in micro- and nano-electronic devices. Annealing Cu/MNL/SiO2 structures at 400-700 degrees C results in interfaces that are five times tougher than pristine Cu/SiO2 structures, yielding values exceeding approximately 20 J m(-2). Previously, similarly high toughness values have only been obtained using micrometre-thick interfacial layers. Electron spectroscopy of fracture surfaces and density functional theory modelling of molecular stretching and fracture show that toughening arises from thermally activated interfacial siloxane bridging that enables the MNL to be strongly linked to both the adjacent layers at the interface, and suppresses MNL desorption. We anticipate that our findings will open up opportunities for molecular-level tailoring of a variety of interfacial properties, at processing temperatures higher than previously envisaged, for applications where microlayers are not a viable option-such as in nanodevices or in thermally resistant molecular-inorganic hybrid devices.     

O2流量对O2/C4F8等离子体刻蚀SiCOH低k薄膜的影响

研究了O2/C4F8等离子体刻蚀SiCOH低k薄膜时O2流量对刻蚀率、表面结构的影响,及其放电等离子体特性的关联.发现O2流量的增大可以极大地提高多孔SiCOH薄膜的刻蚀速率,降低表面的粗糙度,减少SiCOH薄膜表面的C:F沉积.等离子体特性的光谱分析表明,O2的添加,增强了C与O之间的反应,从而在Si、F反应刻蚀Si的同时,C、O之间的反应使C消耗,实现Si、C的同步刻蚀,从而获得SiCOH低k薄膜的高刻蚀率和低粗糙度表面.     

Magnetic circuit optimization and experimental study of new internally excited automatic balancing

Mass imbalance-induced vibration affects the rotating machinery very large,especially the high-speed types.Off-line balancing techniques have been widely develo...     

基于协方差矩阵的主动学习方法及应用研究

由于工业过程采集的数据中常包含大量的无标签样本,而有标签样本数量少且人工标记成本较高,因此,提出一种基于协方差矩阵的主动学习方法。利用有标签样本建立高斯过程回归模型,并构建无标签样本之间的协方差矩阵,以协方差矩阵行列式的值作为评价指标。在挑选信息量较大的无标签样本的同时,衡量样本间的相似性,避免样本的冗余添加,最终在相同标记代价下提升模型预测精度。基于工业过程数据进行算法的应用仿真,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于HMM的多维数据下扶贫对象状态预测

针对扶贫领域中贫困、脱贫和返贫状态预测不准确,影响状态变迁的关键因素难以识别的问题,从扶贫基础数据和多个行业数据中提取8个关键特征和22个观测状态,构建观察状态和隐含状态关联关系,建立扶贫对象状态预测隐马尔可夫模型(hidden markov model,HMM)。以某深度贫困县连续3年的数据为样本,进行参数训练、测试实验和结果验证,结果表明该方法对返贫、贫困和脱贫状态有较强的预测能力,误差率较低,且能准确识别出影响返贫的关键要素。该方法对指导精准扶贫工作具有非常重要的实际意义。