不确定时滞中立系统的鲁棒能稳性条件

讨论了一类同时具有状态时滞和输入时滞的不确定中立系统的时滞依赖鲁棒能稳性条件.通过选择适当的Liapunov泛函,结合自由权矩阵思想和一些有用信息,以线性矩阵不等式的形式给出了不确定性中立系统的时滞依赖鲁棒能稳性条件,降低了原有文献的保守性,最后用数值算例验证了结论的可行性和有效性.     

基于复杂网络的作战网络模型抗毁性研究

在构建作战网络模型的基础上,采用复杂网络理论对该网络模型进行抗毁性研究。通过网络模型中作战环数量的变化,分析了网络模型的鲁棒性和脆弱性。以舰艇编队作战网络为例进行仿真实验,通过对各类边进行模拟攻击,得出了各类边数量与作战环数量的定量关系,实验结果表明决策器之间的连接对作战网络的抗毁性最为敏感。     

South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole

Venus has no seasons, slow rotation and a very massive atmosphere, which is mainly carbon dioxide with clouds primarily of sulphuric acid droplets. Infrared observations by previous missions to Venus revealed a bright 'dipole' feature surrounded by a cold 'collar' at its north pole. The polar dipole is a 'double-eye' feature at the centre of a vast vortex that rotates around the pole, and is possibly associated with rapid downwelling. The polar cold collar is a wide, shallow river of cold air that circulates around the polar vortex. One outstanding question has been whether the global circulation was symmetric, such that a dipole feature existed at the south pole. Here we report observations of Venus' south-polar region, where we have seen clouds with morphology much like those around the north pole, but rotating somewhat faster than the northern dipole. The vortex may extend down to the lower cloud layers that lie at about 50 km height and perhaps deeper. The spectroscopic properties of the clouds around the south pole are compatible with a sulphuric acid composition.     

No extreme bipolar glaciation during the main Eocene calcite compensation shift

Major ice sheets were permanently established on Antarctica approximately 34 million years ago, close to the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, at the same time as a permanent deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world's oceans. Until recently, it was thought that Northern Hemisphere glaciation began much later, between 11 and 5 million years ago. This view has been challenged, however, by records of ice rafting at high northern latitudes during the Eocene epoch and by estimates of global ice volume that exceed the storage capacity of Antarctica at the same time as a temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth approximately 41.6 million years ago. Here we test the hypothesis that large ice sheets were present in both hemispheres approximately 41.6 million years ago using marine sediment records of oxygen and carbon isotope values and of calcium carbonate content from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. These records allow, at most, an ice budget that can easily be accommodated on Antarctica, indicating that large ice sheets were not present in the Northern Hemisphere. The records also reveal a brief interval shortly before the temporary deepening of the calcite compensation depth during which the calcite compensation depth shoaled, ocean temperatures increased and carbon isotope values decreased in the equatorial Atlantic. The nature of these changes around 41.6 million years ago implies common links, in terms of carbon cycling, with events at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and with the 'hyperthermals' of the Early Eocene climate optimum. Our findings help to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the geological records of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and model results that indicate that the threshold for continental glaciation was crossed earlier in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Biasing reaction pathways with mechanical force

During the course of chemical reactions, reactant molecules need to surmount an energy barrier to allow their transformation into products. The energy needed for this process is usually provided by heat, light, pressure or electrical potential, which act either by changing the distribution of the reactants on their ground-state potential energy surface or by moving them onto an excited-state potential energy surface and thereby facilitate movement over the energy barrier. A fundamentally different way of initiating or accelerating a reaction is the use of force to deform reacting molecules along a specific direction of the reaction coordinate. Mechanical force has indeed been shown to activate covalent bonds in polymers, but the usual result is chain scission. Here we show that mechanically sensitive chemical groups make it possible to harness the mechanical forces generated when exposing polymer solutions to ultrasound, and that this allows us to accelerate rearrangement reactions and bias reaction pathways to yield products not obtainable from purely thermal or light-induced reactions. We find that when placed within long polymer strands, the trans and cis isomers of a 1,2-disubstituted benzocyclobutene undergo an ultrasound-induced electrocyclic ring opening in a formally conrotatory and formally disrotatory process, respectively, that yield identical products. This contrasts with reaction initiation by light or heat alone, in which case the isomers follow mutually exclusive pathways to different products. Mechanical forces associated with ultrasound can thus clearly alter the shape of potential energy surfaces so that otherwise forbidden or slow processes proceed under mild conditions, with the directionally specific nature of mechanical forces providing a reaction control that is fundamentally different from that achieved by adjusting chemical or physical parameters. Because rearrangement in our system occurs before chain scission, the effect we describe might allow the development of materials that are activated by mechanical stress fields.     

The sources of sodium escaping from Io revealed by spectral high definition imaging

On Jupiter's moon Io, volcanic plumes and evaporating lava flows provide hot gases to form an atmosphere that is subsequently ionized. Some of Io's plasma is captured by the planet's strong magnetic field to form a co-rotating torus at Io's distance; the remaining ions and electrons form Io's ionosphere. The torus and ionosphere are also depleted by three time-variable processes that produce a banana-shaped cloud orbiting with Io, a giant nebula extending out to about 500 Jupiter radii, and a jet close to Io. No spatial constraints exist for the sources of the first two; they have been inferred only from modelling the patterns seen in the trace gas sodium observed far from Io. Here we report observations that reveal a spatially confined stream that ejects sodium only from the wake of the Io-torus interaction, together with a visually distinct, spherically symmetrical outflow region arising from atmospheric sputtering. The spatial extent of the ionospheric wake that feeds the stream is more than twice that observed by the Galileo spacecraft and modelled successfully. This implies considerable variability, and therefore the need for additional modelling of volcanically-driven, episodic states of the great jovian nebula.     

基于A*改进算法的机械臂避障路径规划

为解决机械臂在运行时可能与工作空间中的障碍物发生碰撞,提出圆柱体包络碰撞检测法和基于A*算法的变步长分段搜索法.运用圆柱体包络碰撞检测法,将碰撞检测问题转化为计算圆柱体间的位置关系.变步长分段搜索法解决了应用传统A*算法可能出现的搜索数据量大甚至搜索死循环等问题.分别在基于OpenGL的三维仿真实验平台和实际系统中验证了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

科研女性成长不易,全社会应多给与关注

据2009年中国科协第二次全国科技工作者状况调查结果数据显示,中国女性科技工作者为1437万人,占目前中国5160万科技人力资源总量的近1/3.而且总量与比例仍在持续增加.但是,与总量规模相比较,女科技工作者队伍的质量优势却相对较弱,女性在高层科技群体中所占比例非常低,职位越高女性人数越少.据相关统计,女性中国科学院、中国工程院院士在两院院士中占5%左右,在"973计划"(国家重点基础研究发展计划)首席科学家中占4.6%,在中国青年科技奖获奖者中占8.4%,在全国性自然科学专业学会的常务理事中占8%;而在"863计划"(中国高技术研究发展计划)专家组中,基至没有一位女性.