全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3193篇 |
免费 | 12篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 74篇 |
丛书文集 | 24篇 |
教育与普及 | 6篇 |
理论与方法论 | 5篇 |
现状及发展 | 1562篇 |
研究方法 | 134篇 |
综合类 | 1373篇 |
自然研究 | 39篇 |
出版年
2012年 | 43篇 |
2011年 | 74篇 |
2009年 | 18篇 |
2008年 | 58篇 |
2007年 | 60篇 |
2006年 | 55篇 |
2005年 | 55篇 |
2004年 | 86篇 |
2003年 | 57篇 |
2002年 | 50篇 |
2001年 | 102篇 |
2000年 | 98篇 |
1999年 | 65篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 83篇 |
1991年 | 46篇 |
1990年 | 43篇 |
1989年 | 37篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 40篇 |
1986年 | 46篇 |
1985年 | 51篇 |
1984年 | 58篇 |
1983年 | 31篇 |
1982年 | 33篇 |
1981年 | 26篇 |
1980年 | 45篇 |
1979年 | 96篇 |
1978年 | 61篇 |
1977年 | 80篇 |
1976年 | 53篇 |
1975年 | 53篇 |
1974年 | 103篇 |
1973年 | 86篇 |
1972年 | 75篇 |
1971年 | 83篇 |
1970年 | 117篇 |
1969年 | 104篇 |
1968年 | 113篇 |
1967年 | 97篇 |
1966年 | 106篇 |
1965年 | 74篇 |
1964年 | 31篇 |
1959年 | 27篇 |
1958年 | 49篇 |
1957年 | 39篇 |
1956年 | 44篇 |
1955年 | 31篇 |
1954年 | 25篇 |
1948年 | 32篇 |
排序方式: 共有3217条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
841.
In hyperalgesic states, observed commonly as a major symptom of tissue inflammation or after central or peripheral nerve injury, non-noxious stimuli produce pain and noxious stimuli are perceived as more painful than usual. The mechanisms underlying the generation of hyperalgesia are not known. In patients with causalgia (burning pain and severe hyperalgesia after a nerve injury) activation of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones or application of noradrenaline to painful skin exacerbates pain and hyperalgesia while sympathectomy may afford complete relief. One suggestion is that noradrenaline released from sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons increases the discharge of damaged small-diameter afferents by a direct action on the primary afferents. Here we present a new model for noradrenaline-sensitive hyperalgesia and demonstrate that the site of action of noradrenaline is not on the primary afferents but rather is presynaptic on the sympathetic post-ganglionic terminals. 相似文献
842.
843.
A new approach to isotonic agglomerative hierarchical clustering 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hierarchical clustering methods must be isotonic for the construction of ultrametric. We present a general strategy to widen
the class of isotonic methods implemented by agglomerative algorithms. At each step of the agglomeration we allow one of several
admissible pairs to be chosen. Then under mild assumptions an appropriate definition of admissibility guarantees isotony.
Moreover we consider the use of the new methods to compute locally optimal ultrametrics. Two examples demonstrate the ability
to define new agglomerative methods superior to their traditional competitors. 相似文献
844.
T Nakahata T Kobayashi A Ishiguro K Tsuji K Naganuma O Ando Y Yagi K Tadokoro T Akabane 《Nature》1986,324(6092):65-67
There are two phenotypically distinct subpopulations of mast cells in rodents: connective tissue-type mast cells (CTMC) and mucosal mast cells (MMC). These populations differ in their location, cell size, staining characteristics, ultrastructure, mediator content and T-cell dependency. Several investigators recently reported a further subclass of mast cells which arise when normal mouse haematopoietic cells are cultured with interleukin-3 (IL-3); IL-3 is an activity similar or identical to mast-cell growth factor, histamine-producing factor, or P-cell stimulating factor. These cultured mast cells are in many ways similar to MMC; they stain with Alcian blue but not safranin, contain chondroitin sulphate E proteoglycan rather than heparin proteoglycan and have relatively low histamine content, as do MMC. Although proliferation of MMC is known to be T-cell dependent in vivo and thought to be IL-3-dependent in vitro, the factors on which CTMC proliferation depends remain elusive. Here we show that mature CTMC purified from mouse peritoneal cells can proliferate in vitro in methylcellulose culture and maintain the appearance and function of CTMC. We also present evidence that mature CTMC cannot proliferate in the presence of pure IL-3 alone. 相似文献
845.
Summary A proteolysed form of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-P2ase) has been detected and characterized in human term placenta. The extract was found to contain very low levels of activity with an alkaline pH optimum. Western blotting demonstrated a polypeptide of Mr 26,000, instead of the subunit of Mr 36,000 observed in native mammalian Fru-P2ases. 相似文献
846.
847.
A new radioimmunoassay has been developed for thymosin beta 4 by generating rabbit polyclonal antibodies against the synthetic N-terminal peptide fragment 1-15 coupled to KLH. The synthetic analogue [Tyr12]-thymosin beta 4 (1-15) was used as tracer. This radioimmunoassay, with a useful range of 10-1000 pmoles, showed cross-reactivity with the second homologous beta-thymosin of man and rat (thymosin beta 10) but not of calf (thymosin beta 9). This radioimmunoassay, together with an improved radioimmunoassay for the N-terminus of parathymosin alpha, was employed for the measurement of the levels of thymosin beta 4 and parathymosin alpha in nuclear and extranuclear extracts of calf thymus. The bulk of these polypeptides was found in the extranuclear material whereas only traces were observed in the nuclear environment, which indicates the extranuclear localisation of alpha- and beta-thymosins. 相似文献
848.
849.
Three populations ofM. galloprovincialis from northern Greece were investigated using isozyme analysis, discriminant analysis of morphological characteristics and analysis of restriction fragments of mtDNA. For all three types of analysis significant intra- and interpopulation differentiation was found. This differentiation is very noticeable at the mtDNA genotype frequencies. Furthermore, the restriction patterns of mtDNA were different from those reported for Atlantic populations of this species. 相似文献
850.
Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
H H Van Tol C M Wu H C Guan K Ohara J R Bunzow O Civelli J Kennedy P Seeman H B Niznik V Jovanovic 《Nature》1992,358(6382):149-152
The dopamine D4 receptor structurally and pharmacologically resembles the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic that is relatively free of the adverse effects of drug-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia, binds to the D4 receptor with an affinity 10 times higher than to the D2 and D3 receptors. This may explain clozapine's atypical properties. Here we report the existence of at least three polymorphic variations in the coding sequence of the human D4 receptor. A 48-base-pair sequence in the putative third cytoplasmic loop of this receptor exists either as a direct-repeat sequence (D4.2), as a fourfold repeat (D4.4) or as a sevenfold repeat (D4.7). Two more variant alleles were detected in humans. Expression of the complementary DNA for the three cloned receptor variants showed different properties for the long form (D4.7) and the shorter forms (D4.2, D4.4) with respect to clozapine and spiperone binding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a receptor in the catecholamine receptor family that displays polymorphic variation in the human population. Such variation among humans may underlie individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disease and in responsiveness to antipsychotic medication. 相似文献