首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   41615篇
  免费   87篇
  国内免费   194篇
系统科学   472篇
丛书文集   1275篇
教育与普及   76篇
理论与方法论   143篇
现状及发展   19396篇
研究方法   1576篇
综合类   18438篇
自然研究   520篇
  2013年   295篇
  2012年   512篇
  2011年   1090篇
  2010年   235篇
  2008年   678篇
  2007年   805篇
  2006年   733篇
  2005年   727篇
  2004年   720篇
  2003年   721篇
  2002年   660篇
  2001年   1283篇
  2000年   1216篇
  1999年   783篇
  1992年   781篇
  1991年   563篇
  1990年   667篇
  1989年   656篇
  1988年   619篇
  1987年   686篇
  1986年   663篇
  1985年   803篇
  1984年   630篇
  1983年   508篇
  1982年   478篇
  1981年   531篇
  1980年   627篇
  1979年   1272篇
  1978年   1059篇
  1977年   1061篇
  1976年   856篇
  1975年   885篇
  1974年   1264篇
  1973年   1073篇
  1972年   1069篇
  1971年   1205篇
  1970年   1579篇
  1969年   1260篇
  1968年   1200篇
  1967年   1216篇
  1966年   1033篇
  1965年   732篇
  1959年   406篇
  1958年   682篇
  1957年   451篇
  1956年   411篇
  1955年   389篇
  1954年   365篇
  1952年   223篇
  1948年   229篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in critical theory on the political function of the public sphere and the emancipatory potential of new social movements. This work is shown to be relevant to systemic decisions made under conditions of public conflict. Normative models for the self-understanding of actors engaged in self-limiting emancipatory struggles in modern societies are reviewed and related to the concerns of Critical Systems Thinking.  相似文献   
12.
Fundamental definitions of distance and velocity in radar measurement principle are examined and revised from strict theoretical point of view. Synchronization scheme - for clocks in uniform, translatory relative motion is introduced as theoretical foundation for GPS and GLONASS type navigation and positioning technology. Traditional definitions of two-way radar measurement, based on arithmetic mean vlaue concept, turn out to be special cases of revised definitions for one-way radar measurement, based on geometric mean concept, derived from synchronization of moving clocks in accordance with the principle of relativity. The essential physical meaning of Lorentz transformation is interpreted in terms of radar measured parameters. Invariance or absoluteness of four dimensional interval turns out to be invariance or absoluteness of geometric mean time interval. The Lorentz factor turns out to be ratio of geometric mean and arithmetic mean time intervals in terms of radar measured parameters. Theoretical re  相似文献   
13.
    
In this paper, 18 systems taxonomies/hierarchies are presented and commented upon, from Boulding's ‘system of systems’ (1956) to Glasl and Lievegoed's ‘seven essential elements of any organization’ (1993). A 19th is proposed, which aims at displaying a number of clear‐cut levels sufficient to correspond to the succeeding levels of an enterprise problematique, each new type of interactions defining a new level. The 19 schemes are classified into two groups, ‘General’ and ‘Managerial’, mainly according to their immediate applicability to management. Each group was split into two subgroups, respectively stressing complexity, system–milieu interactions, decision levels and, finally, intrasystem and system environment interactions. A comparative analysis of the whole set is summarized, converging towards three hierarchies seen as more adequate: Beer's, Jantsch's and the one proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
14.
    
Boulding's Skeleton of Science (a systems framework) is used to demonstrate first that several levels of disciplines are necessary for holistic research, and secondly that this can be applied to addressing issues concerning emerging infectious disease (EID). A literature review gathered a list of possible contributing risk factors for EID. Those factors were matched to the levels of disciplines in Boulding's Skeleton of Science to show that different risk factors must be studied by a combination of disciplines to adequately address the occurrence of infectious disease. An analysis of one international health policy document is also included to determine the range of disciplines represented in that document. Using a multidisciplinary (systemic) approach demonstrated advantages that complement and overcome the limitations of modern epidemiology. Recommendations for the inclusion of a multidisciplinary epidemiological approach are made, followed by some reflections on the conclusions drawn from this research, and suggestions for future work. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
15.
This article uses data for members of the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS) from both Census 2001 enumeration and patient registrations "frozen" on census day 2001 from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR) to examine potential sources of difference in area of usual residence.Overall 95.7 per cent of ONS LS members enumerated at census resided in the same area as recorded on the NHSCR data. Where areas differed, or the ONS LS member was not on the NHSCR on census day, subsequent NHSCR records were examined. Records flagged on the NHSCR as ONS LS members in England and Wales on census day but with no census record were also investigated.  相似文献   
16.
    
In this paper we examine how soft systems methodology (SSM) can benefit the initial identification and communication of new computer game concepts between those involved in its development. Computer games are a multi‐billion pound worldwide part of the entertainment industry. However, they are a relatively new type of software product and as such the manner in which they are designed and developed is still evolving. Computer games can be highly complex software systems that involve the expertise of a wide range of professionals ranging from programmers to animators, artists and musicians. When designing computer games, new game concepts can be difficult to communicate. In addition, the creative process could be benefited if game design ideas were capable of being shared widely and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
17.
Learning organisation literature has widely discussed the connections between “double-loop” learning and its significance to organisational performance, but paying little attention to tools and systems that can operationalise “double-loop” learning in organisations. This paper investigates the impact of applying a systems approach for service operations design, expressed as the Vanguard Method (Seddon, Freedom from command and control: a better way to make the work work, 2003), in order to activate “double-loop” learning in service organisations. Two case studies were conducted in the banking mortgage operations and adults’ social care services in the UK, using the dimensions of the learning organisation questionnaire (DLOQ), semi-structured interviews, observations, and documents. The findings of the cross-case analysis support the link of applying the Vanguard Method with operationalising “double-loop” learning through three main factors, namely systematic-operations improvement, organisational capacity development, and outside-in mode of work; that are all embedded into the seven dimensions of the DLOQ. The value of this paper is the introduction of a service operations design tool that can activate “double-loop” learning performance in the fast changing knowledge era. It also provides an impetus for service organisations to creatively influence employees’ competencies to effectively improve internal systems.  相似文献   
18.
19.
20.
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号