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921.
Selenium is an essential trace element. In cattle, selenium deficiency causes dysfunction of various organs, including skeletal
and cardiac muscles. In humans as well, lack of selenium is associated with many disorders, but despite accumulation of clinical
reports, muscle diseases are not generally considered on the list. The goal of this review is to establish the connection
between clinical observations and the most recent advances obtained in selenium biology. Recent results about a possible role
of selenium-containing proteins in muscle formation and repair have been collected. Selenoprotein N is the first selenoprotein
linked to genetic disorders consisting of different forms of congenital muscular dystrophies. Understanding the muscle disorders
associated with selenium deficiency or selenoprotein N dysfunction is an essential step in defining the causes of the disease
and obtaining a better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in muscle formation and maintenance.
Received 13 July 2005; received after revision 9 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 相似文献
922.
Memories become stabilized through a time-dependent process that requires gene expression and is commonly known as consolidation. During this time, memories are labile and can be disrupted by a number of interfering events, including electroconvulsive shock, trauma and other learning or the transient effect of drugs such as protein synthesis inhibitors. Once consolidated, memories are insensitive to these disruptions. However, they can again become fragile if recalled or reactivated. Reactivation creates another time-dependent process, known as reconsolidation, during which the memory is restabilized. Here we discuss some of the questions currently debated in the field of memory consolidation and reconsolidation, the molecular and anatomical requirements for both processes and, finally, their functional relationship. 相似文献
923.
924.
Sung LY Gao S Shen H Yu H Song Y Smith SL Chang CC Inoue K Kuo L Lian J Li A Tian XC Tuck DP Weissman SM Yang X Cheng T 《Nature genetics》2006,38(11):1323-1328
Since the creation of Dolly via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), more than a dozen species of mammals have been cloned using this technology. One hypothesis for the limited success of cloning via SCNT (1%-5%) is that the clones are likely to be derived from adult stem cells. Support for this hypothesis comes from the findings that the reproductive cloning efficiency for embryonic stem cells is five to ten times higher than that for somatic cells as donors and that cloned pups cannot be produced directly from cloned embryos derived from differentiated B and T cells or neuronal cells. The question remains as to whether SCNT-derived animal clones can be derived from truly differentiated somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis with mouse hematopoietic cells at different differentiation stages: hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and granulocytes. We found that cloning efficiency increases over the differentiation hierarchy, and terminally differentiated postmitotic granulocytes yield cloned pups with the greatest cloning efficiency. 相似文献
925.
Common variation in three genes, including a noncoding variant in CFH, strongly influences risk of age-related macular degeneration 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Maller J George S Purcell S Fagerness J Altshuler D Daly MJ Seddon JM 《Nature genetics》2006,38(9):1055-1059
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, late-onset disease with seemingly typical complexity: recurrence ratios for siblings of an affected individual are three- to sixfold higher than in the general population, and family-based analysis has resulted in only modestly significant evidence for linkage. In a case-control study drawn from a US-based population of European descent, we have identified a previously unrecognized common, noncoding variant in CFH, the gene encoding complement factor H, that substantially increases the influence of this locus on AMD, and we have strongly replicated the associations of four other previously reported common alleles in three genes (P values ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-70)). Despite excellent power to detect epistasis, we observed purely additive accumulation of risk from alleles at these genes. We found no differences in association of these loci with major phenotypic categories of advanced AMD. Genotypes at these five common SNPs define a broad spectrum of interindividual disease risk and explain about half of the classical sibling risk of AMD in our study population. 相似文献
926.
927.
Site- and state-specific lysine methylation of histones is catalyzed by a family of proteins that contain the evolutionarily
conserved SET domain and plays a fundamental role in epigenetic regulation of gene activation and silencing in all eukaryotes.
The recently determined three-dimensional structures of the SET domains from chromosomal proteins reveal that the core SET
domain structure contains a two-domain architecture, consisting of a conserved anti-parallel β-barrel and a structurally variable
insert that surround a unusual knot-like structure that comprises the enzyme active site. These structures of the SET domains,
either in the free state or when bound to cofactor S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and/or histone peptide, mimicking an enzyme/cofactor/substrate complex, further yield the structural insights
into the molecular basis of the substrate specificity, methylation multiplicity and the catalytic mechanism of histone lysine
methylation.
Received 10 June 2006; accepted 22 August 2006 相似文献
928.
Blasig IE Winkler L Lassowski B Mueller SL Zuleger N Krause E Krause G Gast K Kolbe M Piontek J 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(4):505-514
Tight junctions seal intercellular clefts via membrane-related strands, hence, maintaining important organ functions. We investigated
the self-association of strand-forming transmembrane tight junction proteins. The regulatory tight junction protein occludin
was differently tagged and cotransfected in eucaryotic cells. These occludins colocalized within the plasma membrane of the
same cell, coprecipitated and exhibited fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Differently tagged strand-forming claudin-5
also colocalized in the plasma membrane of the same cell and showed fluorescence resonance energy transfer. This demonstrates
self-association in intact cells both of occludin and claudin-5 in one plasma membrane. In search of dimerizing regions of
occludin, dimerization of its cytosolic C-terminal coiledcoil domain was identified. In claudin-5, the second extracellular
loop was detected as a dimer. Since the transmembrane junctional adhesion molecule also is known to dimerize, the assumption
that homodimerization of transmembrane tight junction proteins may serve as a common structural feature in tight junction
assembly is supported.
Received 6 October 2005; received after revision 14 December 2005; accepted 27 December 2005
†These authors contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
929.
Anti-amyloidogenic therapies: strategies for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain is an early and invariant neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease
(AD). The current search for anti-AD drugs is mainly focused on modification of the process of accumulation of Aβ in the brain.
Here, we review four anti-amyloidogenic strategies: (i) reduction of Aβ production, which has mainly been approached with
secretase inhibition, (ii) promotion of the Aβ degrading catabolic pathway, including an Aβ degrading enzyme, neprilysin,
(iii) immunotherapy for Aβ and (iv) inhibition of Aβ aggregation. We have reported that AD patients have a favorable molecular
environment for Aβ aggregation and that various compounds, such as polyphenols, interfere with Aβ aggregation and destabilize
preformed Aβ fibrils.
Received 21 December 2005; received after revision 14 February 2006; accepted 29 March 2006 相似文献
930.
Huntington’s disease: from huntingtin function and dysfunction to therapeutic strategies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Borrell-Pagès M Zala D Humbert S Saudou F 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(22):2642-2660
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually starts in middle age and is characterized by involuntary
movements (chorea), personality changes and dementia, leading to death within 10–20 years. The defective gene in HD contains
a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion within its coding region that expresses a polyglutamine repeat in the protein huntingtin.
Together with the characteristic formation of aggregates in HD, aberrant protein interactions and several post-translational
modifications affect huntingtin during disease progression and lead to the dysfunction and death of selective neurons in the
brains of patients. The exact molecular mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin induces cell death are not completely understood
but may involve the gain of new toxic functions and the loss of the beneficial properties of huntingtin. This review focuses
on the cellular functions in which huntingtin is involved and how a better understanding of pathogenic pathways can lead to
new therapeutic approaches.
Received 24 May 2006; received after revision 5 July 2006; accepted 23 August 2006 相似文献