Potassium conductances in hippocampal neurons blocked by excitatory amino-acid transmitters

Excitatory amino acids mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system through the activation of at least three distinct ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxasole-4-propionate (AMPA)/quisqualate (QUIS) and the kainate subtypes (for reviews, see refs 1, 2). They also activate the additional QUIS 'metabotropic' receptor (sensitive to trans-1-amino-cyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate, ACPD) linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. We have used hippocampal slice cultures to study the electrophysiological consequences of the metabotropic response. We find that activation of an ACPD-sensitive QUIS receptor produces a 'slow' excitation of CA3 pyramidal cells, resulting from depression of a Ca2(+)-dependent K+ current and a voltage-gated K+ current. Combined voltage-clamp and microfluorometric recordings show that, although these receptors can trigger an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, suppression of K+ currents is independent of changes in intracellular Ca2+. These effects closely resemble those induced by activating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the same neurons and suggest that excitatory amino acids not only act as fast ionotropic transmitters but also as slow neuromodulatory transmitters.     

蛹虫草菌丝体胞内多糖提取方法的研究

文中以提取温度、料液比、提取时间和提取次数为因素,采用正交试验研究热水浸提的最佳提取条件,并以此为基础研究热水浸提、冷热交替浸提、盐酸溶液浸提和氢氧化钠溶液浸提对蛹虫草菌丝体胞内多糖提取率的影响. 结果表明：热水浸提的最佳提取工艺为：m(料): V(液) = 1: 40,提取温度75 ℃,提取时间2.5 h,提取2次,多糖的提取率为14.74%,其中料液比为影响多糖提取率主要的因素,其他因素依次是提取温度、提取时间和提取次数. 按照此工艺,热冷交替浸提(热水浸提2.5 h + 冷水浸提48 h)多糖提取率最高,为15.92%. 55 g.L-1的氢氧化钠溶液浸提多糖的提取率为6.31%;25 gL-1的盐酸溶液浸提多糖的提取率为9.93%. 因此,冷热交替浸提对蛹虫草菌丝体胞内多糖提取率最高,其次是热水浸提、盐酸溶液浸提和氢氧化钠溶液浸提.     

NMDA receptors mediate calcium accumulation in myelin during chemical ischaemia

Central nervous system myelin is a specialized structure produced by oligodendrocytes that ensheaths axons, allowing rapid and efficient saltatory conduction of action potentials. Many disorders promote damage to and eventual loss of the myelin sheath, which often results in significant neurological morbidity. However, little is known about the fundamental mechanisms that initiate myelin damage, with the assumption being that its fate follows that of the parent oligodendrocyte. Here we show that NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) glutamate receptors mediate Ca2+ accumulation in central myelin in response to chemical ischaemia in vitro. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged fluorescence of the Ca2+ indicator X-rhod-1 loaded into oligodendrocytes and the cytoplasmic compartment of the myelin sheath in adult rat optic nerves. The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)/kainate receptor antagonist NBQX completely blocked the ischaemic Ca2+ increase in oligodendroglial cell bodies, but only modestly reduced the Ca2+ increase in myelin. In contrast, the Ca2+ increase in myelin was abolished by broad-spectrum NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801, 7-chlorokynurenic acid, d-AP5), but not by more selective blockers of NR2A and NR2B subunit-containing receptors (NVP-AAM077 and ifenprodil). In vitro ischaemia causes ultrastructural damage to both axon cylinders and myelin. NMDA receptor antagonism greatly reduced the damage to myelin. NR1, NR2 and NR3 subunits were detected in myelin by immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation, indicating that all necessary subunits are present for the formation of functional NMDA receptors. Our data show that the mature myelin sheath can respond independently to injurious stimuli. Given that axons are known to release glutamate, our finding that the Ca2+ increase was mediated in large part by activation of myelinic NMDA receptors suggests a new mechanism of axo-myelinic signalling. Such a mechanism may represent a potentially important therapeutic target in disorders in which demyelination is a prominent feature, such as multiple sclerosis, neurotrauma, infections (for example, HIV encephalomyelopathy) and aspects of ischaemic brain injury.     

略谈寓英美文化教育于英语教学

英语语言的学习离不开对英美文化的了解。本文主要从文化与语言的关系方面探讨寓英美文化教育于英语教学,即英美文化与词汇教学、听说教学、阅读教学和写作教学的关系。     

Induction of formation of presynaptic terminals in neuroblastoma cells by synapsin IIb

The synapsins are a family of closely related phosphoproteins (termed synapsins Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) associated with synaptic vesicles and implicated in the short-term regulation of neurotransmitter release from nerve endings. During development, expression of the synapsins correlates temporally with synapse formation, but there has been no direct evidence that they are involved in synaptogenesis. Here we report that overexpression of synapsin IIb in the neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid clonal cell line NG108-15 leads, during cell differentiation, to marked increases in the number of neuritic varicosities and in the numbers of small clear vesicles and large dense core vesicles per varicosity, as well as to the appearance of synapse-like cell-cell contacts. Thus, synapsin IIb may be involved in the regulation of synapse formation and, as a result, in long-term neuronal signalling.     

石墨烯/Cu-MOF锂电池负极材料的制备及电化学性能研究

金属有机骨架化合物是一种由金属离子与有机配体通过配位键或共价键合成的新型的电极材料。然而,其低的电子导电率和严重的不可逆锂存储制约了该材料在锂电池领域的实际应用。石墨烯具有一系列独特属性,如高的导电率、高表面积、化学稳定性,机械强度和柔韧性,多孔结构。通常用来掺杂在电极材料中以提高循环性能和增加电池的容量。在本实验中,我们研究了Cu-MOF掺杂石墨烯(Cu-MOF/RGO)作为锂电负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,在充放电电流密度为50 mA g-1时,充放电循环50次后,材料的放电比容量可达到520 mAh g-1。同时该材料也显示出较好的倍率性能和较高的库仑效率。由此可以看出Cu-MOF/RGO是一种具有前景的锂离子电池负极材料。     

室温低功率紫外光辐照法制备聚苯乙烯微球

以偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为光引发剂,甲醇为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 (PVP)为稳定剂,通过抽真空取代氮气保护,利用8 W 365nm波长的紫外灯光照,环境温度下引发分散聚合制备聚苯乙烯微球。这种真空状态下的聚合只适合于光聚合,当紫外光照射反应体系时,AIBN将吸收光子使C-N键断裂而形成自由基,进一步引发苯乙烯单体聚合。研究表明引发剂、稳定剂和单体用量以及光强度和反应时间对微球尺寸和单分散性有规律性影响,适当调节这些参数可获得一定尺寸和单分散度的微球,例如溶剂与单体的比值3:1,引发剂与稳定剂的比为3:1,光照时间为24 h,光照强度为（0.71 mW/cm2）时可获得一定尺寸的单分散性较好的微球。这种方法成本低廉、操作简便、具有一定的普适性,可适用于其它聚合物微球和功能化有机-无机复合微球的制备,例如PMMA、PMAA微球及P(MMA-co-MAA)共聚微球等。     

茉莉酸受体多功能纳米探针的合成与应用

将巯基丙酸修饰的CdTe量子点和植物激素茉莉酸通过一步法偶联到表面修饰氨基的Fe3O4纳米颗粒表面,合成了一种同时具有荧光信号、磁响应性能和特异性标记植物原生质体中茉莉酸受体的多功能磁性荧光纳米探针. 荧光光谱测试表明该探针保持了CdTe量子点荧光性能,具有荧光强度高,适用体系的pH范围宽,抗光漂白性能好等优点. 磁响应及磁滞回线测试充分说明该探针具有良好的超顺磁性. 使用该探针对绿豆原生质体中茉莉酸受体进行成像,结果表明,该探针对茉莉酸受体具有选择性标记的功能,茉莉酸受体主要存在于原生质体膜上. 该标记方法简单方便,能为茉莉酸信号转导研究提供可视化的信息.     

Co-Ti共掺杂M型六角钡铁氧体磁电耦合研究

磁电多铁性材料兼具电极化及磁性,可用于构建新型传感器和高密度存储器件．但对于单相多铁性材料,大多工作温度低且所需磁场强度较高,无法满足实用化需求．近来发现六角铁氧体可明显提高这两方面特性,但还需提高其工作温度及电阻率．我们采用Co-Ti元素对M-型钡六角铁氧体进行大剂量共掺杂,制备一系列的铁氧体陶瓷BaFe12-2xCoxTixO19 (x=0~4)．同时利用物理性能综合测试仪（PPMS）及其他检测仪器搭建了一套磁电测试系统,并结合LabVIEW软件进行编程,对样品的磁性、电性、磁介电和磁电耦合特性进行系统表征．结果表明,Co-Ti共掺杂可显著改变M型钡六角铁氧体的矫顽场及饱和磁化强度．同时,这种掺杂可使漏电流降低到3个量级（掺杂量x=2）．值得一提的是,我们在掺杂量为x=2的样品中观测到室温下的磁介电效应,同时在100K以下观测到明显的磁致铁电极化,且其电极化方向可以被磁场反转．该结果在探索新型多铁六角铁氧体及推进其应用化进程具有一定的意义．     

Ce-MCM-41分子筛催化臭氧氧化水中腐殖酸

采用水热法合成铈掺杂MCM-41（Ce-MCM-41）介孔分子筛,并将其用于臭氧氧化水中腐殖酸.本文研究了催化剂投加量、铈掺杂量、反应温度和初始pH对腐殖酸降解及矿化的影响. 结果表明,腐殖酸在Ce-MCM-41/O3体系内可实现有效降解. 与单独臭氧氧化相比,Ce-MCM-41催化剂的加入可提高臭氧氧化腐殖酸的矿化效果. 催化剂投加量为100 mg/L时,催化剂具有较好的催化活性,反应60min,DOC去除率为70.58%（Si/Ce=80）;三种铈掺杂量催化剂的添加均能提高腐殖酸矿化效果. 在278 ~308 K实验范围内,腐殖酸溶液的DOC去除率和UV254去除率均随反应温度升高而提高.溶液初始pH为6.0~8.5时,DOC去除率随碱性增强而略微下降. 表明温度和溶液初始pH影响催化臭氧氧化去除腐殖酸的效果. 此外,还考察了添加Ce-MCM-41对含溴水臭氧氧化过程中溴酸盐生成的影响,与单独臭氧相比,1.00 g Ce-MCM-41分子筛的加入减少了46.94%溴酸盐生成. 结果表明添加Ce-MCM-41分子筛可抑制溴酸盐的生成. 因此Ce-MCM-41分子筛可用于提高臭氧氧化腐殖酸效果和减少含溴水臭氧氧化过程中溴酸盐的生成.