VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche

The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a tumour cell undergoes metastasis to a predetermined location are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that bone marrow-derived haematopoietic progenitor cells that express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1; also known as Flt1) home to tumour-specific pre-metastatic sites and form cellular clusters before the arrival of tumour cells. Preventing VEGFR1 function using antibodies or by the removal of VEGFR1(+) cells from the bone marrow of wild-type mice abrogates the formation of these pre-metastatic clusters and prevents tumour metastasis, whereas reconstitution with selected Id3 (inhibitor of differentiation 3)-competent VEGFR1+ cells establishes cluster formation and tumour metastasis in Id3 knockout mice. We also show that VEGFR1+ cells express VLA-4 (also known as integrin alpha4beta1), and that tumour-specific growth factors upregulate fibronectin--a VLA-4 ligand--in resident fibroblasts, providing a permissive niche for incoming tumour cells. Conditioned media obtained from distinct tumour types with unique patterns of metastatic spread redirected fibronectin expression and cluster formation, thereby transforming the metastatic profile. These findings demonstrate a requirement for VEGFR1+ haematopoietic progenitors in the regulation of metastasis, and suggest that expression patterns of fibronectin and VEGFR1+VLA-4+ clusters dictate organ-specific tumour spread.     

离心静电纺丝法制备有序、交叉以及绞线结构的荧光纳米纤维

利用新型低压离心静电纺丝法制备了有序排列、交叉排列以及绞线结构的荧光纳米纤维(掺杂荧光物质为荧光素和罗丹明B)。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、荧光显微镜和荧光光谱仪对纤维的微观形貌和荧光性质进行了表征和测量,结果显示,绞线结构的荧光强度较单根纤维组合大大加强。     

一代Technicolor模型对过程e~+e~-→tc的贡献

在ＬＥＰＩ的能量（Ｓ＝２００ＧｅＶ）下，我们计算了一代Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃｏｌｏｒ（ＴＣ）模型对过程ｅ＋ｅ－→ｔｃ的贡献．计算结果表明，一代ＴＣ模型对ｅ＋ｅ－→ｔｃ的贡献很小，实验目前还无法观测     

A size of approximately 1 au for the radio source Sgr A* at the centre of the Milky Way

Although it is widely accepted that most galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centres, concrete proof has proved elusive. Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), an extremely compact radio source at the centre of our Galaxy, is the best candidate for proof, because it is the closest. Previous very-long-baseline interferometry observations (at 7 mm wavelength) reported that Sgr A* is approximately 2 astronomical units (au) in size, but this is still larger than the 'shadow' (a remarkably dim inner region encircled by a bright ring) that should arise from general relativistic effects near the event horizon of the black hole. Moreover, the measured size is wavelength dependent. Here we report a radio image of Sgr A* at a wavelength of 3.5 mm, demonstrating that its size is approximately 1 au. When combined with the lower limit on its mass, the lower limit on the mass density is 6.5 x 10(21)M(o) pc(-3) (where M(o) is the solar mass), which provides strong evidence that Sgr A* is a supermassive black hole. The power-law relationship between wavelength and intrinsic size (size proportional, variantwavelength(1.09)) explicitly rules out explanations other than those emission models with stratified structure, which predict a smaller emitting region observed at a shorter radio wavelength.     

安络小皮伞(Marasmius androsaceus)Mun141菌株的选育

作者采用分离、纯化和诱变等方法，运用液体发酵，筛选出安络小皮伞（Ｍａｒｓｍｉｕｓａｎｄｒｏｓａｃｅｕｓ）Ｍｕｎ１４１高产菌株经３０ｔ发酵罐放大试验，结果显示，平均氯仿提取物含量为１２．３８％（标准差±４５．３８），较原菌株（ＭａＡ）提高５０．２４％，且性能稳定．同时，筛选出适宜Ｍｕｎ１４１生长的７＃固面培养基．Ｍｕｎ１４１菌株在７＃固体培养基上，菌丝萌发早，生长速度快，粗壮浓密，色泽纯正，其生长量高出原１＃固面培养基５－７％     

电解还原法制L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐电解工艺条件的研究

本文用自制板框式电解槽对电解还原制备L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐的工艺条件,如电解终止时间的判断、电极、电解质溶液、隔膜……等进行了一系列的选择和研究。特别是采用电解液外循环工艺,研究了循环流速对电解还原速度的影响,以及流速和电流密度等诸因素的关系。     

High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant

A significant fraction of the energy density of the interstellar medium is in the form of high-energy charged particles (cosmic rays). The origin of these particles remains uncertain. Although it is generally accepted that the only sources capable of supplying the energy required to accelerate the bulk of Galactic cosmic rays are supernova explosions, and even though the mechanism of particle acceleration in expanding supernova remnant (SNR) shocks is thought to be well understood theoretically, unequivocal evidence for the production of high-energy particles in supernova shells has proven remarkably hard to find. Here we report on observations of the SNR RX J1713.7 - 3946 (G347.3 - 0.5), which was discovered by ROSAT in the X-ray spectrum and later claimed as a source of high-energy gamma-rays of TeV energies (1 TeV = 10(12) eV). We present a TeV gamma-ray image of the SNR: the spatially resolved remnant has a shell morphology similar to that seen in X-rays, which demonstrates that very-high-energy particles are accelerated there. The energy spectrum indicates efficient acceleration of charged particles to energies beyond 100 TeV, consistent with current ideas of particle acceleration in young SNR shocks.     

刺五加对心功能,血流动力学及强心甙毒性的影响

心脏血流动力学研究表明,用4.48％的刺五加按4.5ml/kg静脉推注时,对猫心肌收缩性的影响甚小,其主要作用为降低外周阻力,明显增加心排血量和冠脉流量,提高心脏指数,但不增加心肌耗氧量。刺五加可降低离体蛙心的收缩振幅,明显增加离体豚鼠心脏灌流时的冠脉流量和轻度减慢心率。静注刺五加抗哇巴因中毒时发生的室性心律失常优于苯妥英钠。     

Synthetic chromosome arms function in yeast and generate phenotypic diversity by design

Recent advances in DNA synthesis technology have enabled the construction of novel genetic pathways and genomic elements, furthering our understanding of system-level phenomena. The ability to synthesize large segments of DNA allows the engineering of pathways and genomes according to arbitrary sets of design principles. Here we describe a synthetic yeast genome project, Sc2.0, and the first partially synthetic eukaryotic chromosomes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome synIXR, and semi-synVIL. We defined three design principles for a synthetic genome as follows: first, it should result in a (near) wild-type phenotype and fitness; second, it should lack destabilizing elements such as tRNA genes or transposons; and third, it should have genetic flexibility to facilitate future studies. The synthetic genome features several systemic modifications complying with the design principles, including an inducible evolution system, SCRaMbLE (synthetic chromosome rearrangement and modification by loxP-mediated evolution). We show the utility of SCRaMbLE as a novel method of combinatorial mutagenesis, capable of generating complex genotypes and a broad variety of phenotypes. When complete, the fully synthetic genome will allow massive restructuring of the yeast genome, and may open the door to a new type of combinatorial genetics based entirely on variations in gene content and copy number.     

The Polycomb group protein EZH2 directly controls DNA methylation

The establishment and maintenance of epigenetic gene silencing is fundamental to cell determination and function. The essential epigenetic systems involved in heritable repression of gene activity are the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and the DNA methylation systems. Here we show that the corresponding silencing pathways are mechanistically linked. We find that the PcG protein EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2) interacts-within the context of the Polycomb repressive complexes 2 and 3 (PRC2/3)-with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and associates with DNMT activity in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitations indicate that binding of DNMTs to several EZH2-repressed genes depends on the presence of EZH2. Furthermore, we show by bisulphite genomic sequencing that EZH2 is required for DNA methylation of EZH2-target promoters. Our results suggest that EZH2 serves as a recruitment platform for DNA methyltransferases, thus highlighting a previously unrecognized direct connection between two key epigenetic repression systems.