甜菜上一种球状病毒分离物的特性研究

由田间自然感病和甜菜黑色焦枯病株，坏死黄脉型病株及无明显症 甜菜上分离到一种球状病毒，病毒呈二十面体，直径约25nm，有空心和实心2种粒子，具有分子量为24．7kd的外壳蛋白和长度分别为3．8kb,1.4kb,1.1kb的3个双链RNA组分，该病毒具有较强的稳定性和侵染性，蚜虫不能传毒，土壤诱发可传播，易通过汁液摩擦接种侵染多种植物；但回接甜菜只偶尔出现个别褪绿斑或不规则褪绿斑，并不表现田间症状，表明该病毒与甜菜黑色焦枯病等病害无直接关系。     

Value disputes in urban ecological restoration: Lessons from the Chicago Wilderness

As a practice to facilitate the recovery of degraded ecosystems, ecological restoration is an inherently value-laden endeavor. Urban ecological restoration further underlines the complexity of value-ladenness involved by situating restoration in politically, ethically, epistemically, and otherwise normatively heterogenous social contexts. One such context that is particularly rich in opportunities for both significant restoration projects and social disputes about the value of such projects is the Chicago Wilderness, a region comprised of a variety of ecosystems on public and private lands across Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Here I offer a close reading of value disputes in the Chicago Wilderness among ecologists, practitioners, policymakers, activists, and journalists over the aims, methods, and constitutive activities of urban ecological restoration.     

Gauss半群上的Mbius反演公式

将经典的M bius反演公式在Gauss半群上作了进一步的推广 .即如果对任何c∈G恒有g(c ,x) =∑a∈GAaf(ac,x)则有M bius反演公式∑h∈Uf(hc ,x) =1N ∑b∈GBbg(bc ,x)其中G为Gauss半群 .     

非特定食物依赖-运动性荨麻疹伴血管神经性水肿1例报告

食物依赖-运动性过敏在国外多有报道,国内迄今也已有两例相关报告,多表现为进食某一特定食物后从事剧烈运动而诱发,然而摄取常规膳食后短时间内剧烈运动所诱发的该病症则鲜见报道.本文简要介绍此特殊病例的症状体征、诊治、鉴别,探讨该症本质并给出相关建议.     

H型钢变辊距矫直的研究

讨论了辊距变化对各辊矫直力的影响：推导出了辊距变化情况下的各弯曲单元辊距与变形量之间的协调关系式：为实际生产确定变辊距矫直压下规程提供了理论依据。     

Operons

Operons (clusters of co-regulated genes with related functions) are common features of bacterial genomes. More recently, functional gene clustering has been reported in eukaryotes, from yeasts to filamentous fungi, plants, and animals. Gene clusters can consist of paralogous genes that have most likely arisen by gene duplication. However, there are now many examples of eukaryotic gene clusters that contain functionally related but non-homologous genes and that represent functional gene organizations with operon-like features (physical clustering and co-regulation). These include gene clusters for use of different carbon and nitrogen sources in yeasts, for production of antibiotics, toxins, and virulence determinants in filamentous fungi, for production of defense compounds in plants, and for innate and adaptive immunity in animals (the major histocompatibility locus). The aim of this article is to review features of functional gene clusters in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the significance of clustering for effective function.     

双金属复合板的拉伸回弹特性研究

以弹塑性力学理论为基础,对双金属复合板在平面应力状态下的拉伸回弹过程进行解析,得出回弹残余曲率及残余应变中性轴偏移量的解析方程,继而结合有限元仿真和试验分析钢-铝复合板的拉伸回弹变形行为。研究表明,复合板拉伸回弹后呈现纯弯曲状态,残余曲率随着载荷的增大而增大,对于任意材料的双金属复合板均存在一个复合配比值,在该值下拉伸回弹产生的残余曲率最大。     

碳纤维布加固铝合金连接试验

铝合金材料的可焊性较差,焊接热影响区强度降低显著,用碳纤维布加固铝合金是一种有效的措施.为此探究了碳纤维布与铝合金间的黏结性能,完成2批共计37个碳纤维布加固铝合金双搭接节点试验,研究了碳纤维布黏结长度、宽度、层数、碳纤维布材料以及黏结构造等对黏结效果的影响.总结了碳纤维布加固铝合金双搭接节点的破坏模式和破坏机理,得到碳纤维布的应力应变分布规律,提出了双搭接节点的有效黏结长度和承载力实用计算公式.     

Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans

Theories of instrumental learning are centred on understanding how success and failure are used to improve future decisions. These theories highlight a central role for reward prediction errors in updating the values associated with available actions. In animals, substantial evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine might have a key function in this type of learning, through its ability to modulate cortico-striatal synaptic efficacy. However, no direct evidence links dopamine, striatal activity and behavioural choice in humans. Here we show that, during instrumental learning, the magnitude of reward prediction error expressed in the striatum is modulated by the administration of drugs enhancing (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine; L-DOPA) or reducing (haloperidol) dopaminergic function. Accordingly, subjects treated with L-DOPA have a greater propensity to choose the most rewarding action relative to subjects treated with haloperidol. Furthermore, incorporating the magnitude of the prediction errors into a standard action-value learning algorithm accurately reproduced subjects' behavioural choices under the different drug conditions. We conclude that dopamine-dependent modulation of striatal activity can account for how the human brain uses reward prediction errors to improve future decisions.     

Reduced mixing generates oscillations and chaos in the oceanic deep chlorophyll maximum

Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCMs) are widespread in large parts of the world's oceans. These deep layers of high chlorophyll concentration reflect a compromise of phytoplankton growth exposed to two opposing resource gradients: light supplied from above and nutrients supplied from below. It is often argued that DCMs are stable features. Here we show, however, that reduced vertical mixing can generate oscillations and chaos in phytoplankton biomass and species composition of DCMs. These fluctuations are caused by a difference in the timescales of two processes: (1) rapid export of sinking plankton, withdrawing nutrients from the euphotic zone and (2) a slow upward flux of nutrients fuelling new phytoplankton production. Climate models predict that global warming will reduce vertical mixing in the oceans. Our model indicates that reduced mixing will generate more variability in DCMs, thereby enhancing variability in oceanic primary production and in carbon export into the ocean interior.