Cell-specific ATP7A transport sustains copper-dependent tyrosinase activity in melanosomes

Copper is a cofactor for many cellular enzymes and transporters. It can be loaded onto secreted and endomembrane cuproproteins by translocation from the cytosol into membrane-bound organelles by ATP7A or ATP7B transporters, the genes for which are mutated in the copper imbalance syndromes Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Endomembrane cuproproteins are thought to incorporate copper stably on transit through the trans-Golgi network, in which ATP7A accumulates by dynamic cycling through early endocytic compartments. Here we show that the pigment-cell-specific cuproenzyme tyrosinase acquires copper only transiently and inefficiently within the trans-Golgi network of mouse melanocytes. To catalyse melanin synthesis, tyrosinase is subsequently reloaded with copper within specialized organelles called melanosomes. Copper is supplied to melanosomes by ATP7A, a cohort of which localizes to melanosomes in a biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1)-dependent manner. These results indicate that cell-type-specific localization of a metal transporter is required to sustain metallation of an endomembrane cuproenzyme, providing a mechanism for exquisite spatial control of metalloenzyme activity. Moreover, because BLOC-1 subunits are mutated in subtypes of the genetic disease Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, these results also show that defects in copper transporter localization contribute to hypopigmentation, and hence perhaps other systemic defects, in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.     

项目引导型模式在电工电子实验教学中的应用

电工电子实验是电类人才教育的基础,直接影响着电类创新型人才的培养,而长期以来电工电子实验的教学模式因循守旧,已经不符合时代的需要。文中着力研究项目引导型实验教学模式在电工电子教学改革中的应用,通过改革内容、教学方法和评价体系三个方面的探索,证明了此模式对于提高学生的自主学习积极性、动手能力以及创新能力有着积极的效果。此项研究为电工电子实验教学改革以及创新型人才培养提供了一种有效途径,具有一定的现实意义。     

瓜环的缚酸行为及催化环己醇合成环己烯研究

文中以实验室合成的Q[n](n=5～8)与一定浓度的硫酸作用,形成瓜环硫酸盐晶体。运用酸碱滴定法,对该产物的酸度进行测定,通过计算得出不同瓜环的缚酸比例,进而总结出瓜环缚酸的规律。另采用该瓜环硫酸盐催化环己醇合成环己烯,既减少硫酸用量,降低了实验操作的危险性和实验室污染,又增加了瓜环的应用范围。对催化剂用量、反应时间对产率的影响进行了研究,收到了较满意的效果。     

污染环境中赤潮非线性动力学模型的稳定性分析

基于污染环境中两种释放毒素的赤潮藻类和一种浮游动物的相互作用,考虑外界污染源排放毒素和浮游植物排放毒素,建立赤潮藻类离散时滞非线性动力学模型.运用非线性动力学理论分析了模型的稳定性及分岔行为,得到每个种群生存和绝灭的阈值,以及时滞和内禀增长率增加时,会发生一系列Hopf分岔.最后通过计算机模拟验证理论的正确性.     

Si掺杂金红石TiO2光学特性的第一性原理研究

TiO2是一种重要的n型金属氧化物半导体功能材料。近年来的实验与理论研究表明,运用杂质掺入来减小TiO2禁带宽度是提高其活性的一种有效办法。本文运用基于局域密度泛函和赝势的第一性原理方法,从理论上研究了Si掺杂金红石相TiO2的电子结构和光学特性。通过能带结构、态密度及电荷布居的分析发现,Si原子的引入使Si-Ti的键长发生明显的变化,近邻氧原子有靠近硅原子的趋势而近邻钛原子有远离硅原子的趋势。半导体禁带宽度没有明显变化,但是禁带中产生了一个杂质能级,该杂质能级主要是由Si的3p电子和Ti的3d电子杂化引起的。因此,Si掺杂能使材料的宏观特性表现为电子激发能量减小,材料活性增强,响应可见光范围达到480nm左右。     

一阶非线性单实变量复Cauchy问题解的惟一性

一阶非线性复柯西问题的C2类复值解的惟一性至今还没有定论,本文在限制了若干条件的情况下,在一点的邻域里讨论了其C2类复值解的惟一性.     

中药材良姜挥发性组分分析

通过顶空固相微萃取结合气-质联用技术,分析检测中药良姜的挥发性组分,研究萃取时间、萃取温度对良姜挥发性物质数量的影响。结果表明,当萃取时间为35 min,萃取温度为60℃时共检出53种化学组分,其中52种物质可鉴别。其主要组分是萜烯类化合物(w=40.238%)、桉树脑(w=23.066%)、α-松油醇(w=8.522%)、β-蒎烯(w=3.618%)和莰烯(w=3.001%)等。     

平行双裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法

为了快速、方便地估算多裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,以承受均匀拉伸载荷的含平行双裂纹的有限平板模型为研究对象,提出了一种基于裂纹最大张口位移量确定平行双裂纹尖端应力强度因子的新方法.该方法以单裂纹问题中最大张口位移与应力强度因子间的函数关系为基础,考虑了平行双裂纹的垂向、纵向裂纹间距比和裂纹长度比的影响,拟合出纵向间距比为0时不同裂纹长度比下与垂向间距比相关的修正系数表达式,并进一步分析了裂纹纵向间距比对双裂纹尖端应力强度因子的影响,最终建立了平行双裂纹应力强度因子的简便方法.     

大尺寸三维激光测量系统标定方法

研究了一种基于平面几何射影变换原理的三维激光测量系统标定方法. 根据测量系统中激光扫描平面的旋转特点,基于平面射影变换中直线不变的映射关系建立了标定对象表面被测点在不同参考系之间变换的约束关系,并采用封闭运动链思想定义系统参考系空间刚体变换关系,将系统标定问题转化为世界坐标系下系统内参数矩阵和外参数矩阵的求解. 通过空间变换关系得到上述2个矩阵的解,实现系统的标定. 该方法标定装置简单、速度快、稳定性好,能够满足实际工程应用中的需求.     

On estimating contemporaneous quarterly regional GDP

Subnational regional jurisdictions rarely have at their disposal a reasonable array of timely statistics to monitor their economic condition. In light of this, we develop a procedure that simultaneously estimates a quarterly time series for all regions of a country based upon quarterly national and annual regional data. While other such techniques exist, we suggest a temporal error structure that eliminates possible spurious jumps. Using our approach, regional analysts should now be able to distribute national growth among regions as soon as quarterly national figures are released. In a Spanish application, we detail some practicalities of the process and show that our proposal produces better estimates than the uniregional methods often used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.