电子学艺术 第二版

本书被公认为是有关模拟与数字电子学线路设计的权威性教课书与参考书。本书第一版出版后即在世界范围销售了12．5万册，并且被翻译成8种文字。作者通过实际使用的方法来革命化电子学的教学，即将基本定律、经验方法与窍门相结合，在很大程度上采取非数学处理，鼓励线路直觉、奇思妙想以及线路数值与性能的简单计算。第二版是经过彻底修改与更新的，完全重写有关微计算机和微处理器的章节，通过对有关数字电子学、运算放大器与精确设计和构建技术的具体修订，来回应电子学中极其危险的变化步伐。第二版对每一张表格都做了修订，还增加了许多新的表格。本书的第一作者是美国哈佛大学的物理教授，第二作者是Rowland科学研究所的电气工程主任，他曾在哈佛大学设计了一百多种电子科学仪器。     

Segment-specific expression of a homoeobox-containing gene in the mouse hindbrain

The process of segmentation, in which the developing embryo is divided into repetitive structures along its antero-posterior (A-P) axis, as a means of organizing and coordinating the body plan is found in a wide range of organisms. In Drosophila, homoeotic genes are involved in all levels of segmental organization and in determining segment identity. The roles of these genes in segmentation have been found mainly by mutational studies, but also by in situ hybridization, which has shown their domains of expression. In contrast to Drosophila, however, embryonic expression of homoeobox-containing genes in vertebrate organisms has not been found to follow a segmental pattern. Vertebrate segmentation can be clearly seen in the mesodermal somites, but repetitive morphological structures in the central nervous system (neuromeres) have only recently been shown to have developmental significance. Neuromeres in the hindbrain (rhombomeres) have been defined as segmental units by their pattern of nerve formation in the developing chick and by the alternating expression of Krox-20, a gene encoding a zinc-finger DNA-binding protein, in the 9.5-day-old mouse. Here we report that a mouse homoeobox-containing gene, Hox-2.9, is expressed in a segment-specific manner in the developing mouse hindbrain. This expression is in a region which is flanked by the regions of expression of Krox-20, and is precisely contained within a single neuromere, rhombomere 4.     

城市生态敏感区定义、类型与应用实例

在综述了国内外生态敏感区研究现状的基础上,对生态敏感区的概念进行了界定,并作为广义生态敏感区,将用于分割城市组团、防止城市无序蔓延的建设敏感区也纳入了生态敏感区范畴.根据不同的土地利用性质、所具有的生态功能以及对周边的影响作用,将城市区域生态敏感区归类为：自然保护型、环境改善型、用地控制型、污染影响型和资源储备型五种类型.并以上海浦东新区为例,对新区内生态敏感区进行了分类,提出了促进新区生态敏感区保护、建设的对策和建议.     

Phylogenomic analyses unravel annelid evolution

Annelida, the ringed worms, is a highly diverse animal phylum that includes more than 15,000 described species and constitutes the dominant benthic macrofauna from the intertidal zone down to the deep sea. A robust annelid phylogeny would shape our understanding of animal body-plan evolution and shed light on the bilaterian ground pattern. Traditionally, Annelida has been split into two major groups: Clitellata (earthworms and leeches) and polychaetes (bristle worms), but recent evidence suggests that other taxa that were once considered to be separate phyla (Sipuncula, Echiura and Siboglinidae (also known as Pogonophora)) should be included in Annelida. However, the deep-level evolutionary relationships of Annelida are still poorly understood, and a robust reconstruction of annelid evolutionary history is needed. Here we show that phylogenomic analyses of 34 annelid taxa, using 47,953 amino acid positions, recovered a well-supported phylogeny with strong support for major splits. Our results recover chaetopterids, myzostomids and sipunculids in the basal part of the tree, although the position of Myzostomida remains uncertain owing to its long branch. The remaining taxa are split into two clades: Errantia (which includes the model annelid Platynereis), and Sedentaria (which includes Clitellata). Ancestral character trait reconstructions indicate that these clades show adaptation to either an errant or a sedentary lifestyle, with alteration of accompanying morphological traits such as peristaltic movement, parapodia and sensory perception. Finally, life history characters in Annelida seem to be phylogenetically informative.     

Earliest Homo.

The origin of our own genus, Homo, has been tentatively correlated with worldwide climatic cooling documented at about 2.4 Myr (million years). It has also been conjectured that members of Homo made the first stone tools, currently dated at 2.6-2.4 Myr. But fossil specimens clearly attributable to Homo before about 1.9 Myr have been lacking. In 1967 a fossil hominoid temporal bone (KNM-BC1) from the Chemeron Formation of Kenya was described as family Hominidae gen. et sp. indet. Although a surface find, its provenance within site JM85 (BPRP site K002) was established and a stratigraphic section provided indicating the specimen's position. This evidence has been affirmed but the exact age of the fossil was never determined, and the absence of suitable comparative hominid material has precluded a more definitive taxonomic assignment. Here we present 40Ar/39Ar age determinations on material from the hominid site indicating an age of 2.4 Myr. In addition, comparative studies allow us to assign KNM-BC1 to the genus Homo, making it the earliest securely known fossil of our own genus found so far.     

Molecular insights into human brain evolution

Rapidly advancing knowledge of genome structure and sequence enables new means for the analysis of specific DNA changes associated with the differences between the human brain and that of other mammals. Recent studies implicate evolutionary changes in messenger RNA and protein expression levels, as well as DNA changes that alter amino acid sequences. We can anticipate having a systematic catalogue of DNA changes in the lineage leading to humans, but an ongoing challenge will be relating these changes to the anatomical and functional differences between our brain and that of our ancient and more recent ancestors.     

Atomic inner-shell X-ray laser at 1.46 nanometres pumped by an X-ray free-electron laser

Since the invention of the laser more than 50 years ago, scientists have striven to achieve amplification on atomic transitions of increasingly shorter wavelength. The introduction of X-ray free-electron lasers makes it possible to pump new atomic X-ray lasers with ultrashort pulse duration, extreme spectral brightness and full temporal coherence. Here we describe the implementation of an X-ray laser in the kiloelectronvolt energy regime, based on atomic population inversion and driven by rapid K-shell photo-ionization using pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser. We established a population inversion of the Kα transition in singly ionized neon at 1.46 nanometres (corresponding to a photon energy of 849 electronvolts) in an elongated plasma column created by irradiation of a gas medium. We observed strong amplified spontaneous emission from the end of the excited plasma. This resulted in femtosecond-duration, high-intensity X-ray pulses of much shorter wavelength and greater brilliance than achieved with previous atomic X-ray lasers. Moreover, this scheme provides greatly increased wavelength stability, monochromaticity and improved temporal coherence by comparison with present-day X-ray free-electron lasers. The atomic X-ray lasers realized here may be useful for high-resolution spectroscopy and nonlinear X-ray studies.     

α-synuclein蛋白与A-β肽和β-synuclein蛋白相互作用位点的预测

α-synuclein蛋白的异常聚集是引起帕金森病的重要因素.实验研究发现,α-synuclein蛋白能与多个蛋白相互作用.在相互作用的蛋白质中,有的可以促进α-synuclein的异常聚集,如A-β肽;有的可以抑制α-synuclein的异常聚集,如β-synuclein蛋白,但促进或抑制α-synuclein异常聚集的机理并不明确.利用SYBYL和AUTODOK软件模拟α-synuclein蛋白与A-β肽和β-synuclein的相互作用,找到其相互作用位点,为进一步研究α-synuclein蛋白的异常聚集提供理论依据.     

连翘挥发油化学成分的研究

采用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法对连翘挥发油化学成分进行了研究。经毛细管色谱分离出200多个峰,共确认了其中90种成分,所鉴定化合物的含量占全油的71.92%,用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量,其主要化学成分为烯烷类等。     

脑蛋白水解液对七氟醚麻醉导致的大鼠学习记忆障碍的影响

目的 探讨脑蛋白水解液(CHI)对七氟醚麻醉导致的大鼠学习记忆障碍的影响,并分析其可能作用机制.方法 将32只大鼠随机分为七氟醚组、CHI高剂量组、CHI低剂量组和对照组,每组8只.七氟醚组吸入2％ 七氟醚,每天2 h,连续7 d,CHI高剂量组每天吸入七氟醚之前,尾静脉注射脑蛋白水解液1200μL,CHI低剂量组每天...