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191.
Abbot P Abe J Alcock J Alizon S Alpedrinha JA Andersson M Andre JB van Baalen M Balloux F Balshine S Barton N Beukeboom LW Biernaskie JM Bilde T Borgia G Breed M Brown S Bshary R Buckling A Burley NT Burton-Chellew MN Cant MA Chapuisat M Charnov EL Clutton-Brock T Cockburn A Cole BJ Colegrave N Cosmides L Couzin ID Coyne JA Creel S Crespi B Curry RL Dall SR Day T Dickinson JL Dugatkin LA El Mouden C Emlen ST Evans J Ferriere R Field J Foitzik S Foster K Foster WA Fox CW Gadau J Gandon S 《Nature》2011,471(7339):E1-4; author reply E9-10
Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues. 相似文献
192.
Uranium occurs in the environment predominantly as the uranyl dication [UO2]2+. Its solubility renders this species a problematic contaminant which is, moreover, chemically extraordinarily robust owing to strongly covalent U-O bonds. This feature manifests itself in the uranyl dication showing little propensity to partake in the many oxo group functionalizations and redox reactions typically seen with [CrO2]2+, [MoO2]2+ and other transition metal analogues. As a result, only a few examples of [UO2]2+ with functionalized oxo groups are known. Similarly, it is only very recently that the isolation and characterization of the singly reduced, pentavalent uranyl cation [UO2]+ has been reported. Here we show that placing the uranyl dication within a rigid and well-defined molecular framework while keeping the environment anaerobic allows simultaneous single-electron reduction and selective covalent bond formation at one of the two uranyl oxo groups. The product of this reaction is a pentavalent and monofunctionalized [O = U...OR]+ cation that can be isolated in the presence of transition metal cations. This finding demonstrates that under appropriate reaction conditions, the uranyl oxo group will readily undergo radical reactions commonly associated only with transition metal oxo groups. We expect that this work might also prove useful in probing the chemistry of the related but highly radioactive plutonyl and neptunyl analogues found in nuclear waste. 相似文献
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194.
Public health: The toxic truth about sugar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
195.
Polarized cellular distribution of the phytohormone auxin and its carriers is essential for normal plant growth and development. Polar auxin transport is maintained by a network of auxin influx (AUX) and efflux (PIN) carriers. Both auxin transport and PIN protein cycling between the plasma membrane and endosomes require the activity of the endosomal GNOM; however, intracellular routes taken by these carriers remain largely unknown. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana SORTING NEXIN 1 (AtSNX1) is involved in the auxin pathway and that PIN2, but not PIN1 or AUX1, is transported through AtSNX1-containing endosomes. We demonstrate that the snx1-null mutant exhibits multiple auxin-related defects and that loss of function of AtSNX1 severely enhances the phenotype of a weak gnom mutant. In root cells, we further show that AtSNX1 localizes to an endosomal compartment distinct from GNOM-containing endosomes, and that PIN2 accumulates in this compartment after treatment with the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitor wortmannin or after a gravity stimulus. Our data reveal the existence of a novel endosomal compartment involved in PIN2 endocytic sorting and plant development. 相似文献
196.
Cardinale BJ Srivastava DS Duffy JE Wright JP Downing AL Sankaran M Jouseau C 《Nature》2006,443(7114):989-992
Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing number of studies to reduce species diversity experimentally and examine how this alters the efficiency by which communities capture resources and convert those into biomass. So far, the generality of patterns and processes observed in individual studies have been the subjects of considerable debate. Here we present a formal meta-analysis of studies that have experimentally manipulated species diversity to examine how it affects the functioning of numerous trophic groups in multiple types of ecosystem. We show that the average effect of decreasing species richness is to decrease the abundance or biomass of the focal trophic group, leading to less complete depletion of resources used by that group. At the same time, analyses reveal that the standing stock of, and resource depletion by, the most species-rich polyculture tends to be no different from that of the single most productive species used in an experiment. Of the known mechanisms that might explain these trends, results are most consistent with what is called the 'sampling effect', which occurs when diverse communities are more likely to contain and become dominated by the most productive species. Whether this mechanism is widespread in natural communities is currently controversial. Patterns we report are remarkably consistent for four different trophic groups (producers, herbivores, detritivores and predators) and two major ecosystem types (aquatic and terrestrial). Collectively, our analyses suggest that the average species loss does indeed affect the functioning of a wide variety of organisms and ecosystems, but the magnitude of these effects is ultimately determined by the identity of species that are going extinct. 相似文献
197.
198.
Summary Triton X-100 improves nonspecific esterase solubilization from mosquito samples and also leads to increased resolution in an isoelectric focusing electrophoresis.Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a US Army contract/grant DAMD 17-77-C-7018, US Army Medical Research and Development Command, Washington, DC and by the Office of Naval Research. 相似文献
199.
Plasma lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) was assayed in normal volunteers, patients with non-malignant diseases, and a variety of cancer patients. Mean plasma LSA in 50 normal volunteers, 16 patients with non-malignant diseases, 54 breast cancer, 17 lung cancer, 15 colon cancer, 7 ovarian cancer, 5 prostate cancer, 4 leukemia, 4 gastrointestinal, 3 thyroid cancer, 3 pancreas cancer and 2 adrenal cancer patients were 17.7, 23.2, 58, 85, 56.7, 46.2, 56.7, 53.3, 31.1, 33.2 and 119.5 mg/dl, respectively. None of the normal volunteers had elevated plasma LSA values. Plasma LSA level was not significantly different in male and female volunteers. Two out of 114 different cancer patients had plasma LSA levels within normal range exhibiting 98.2% sensitivity of the assay. Plasma LSA, which is relatively simple to assay, may be used as a tumor marker in wide variety of neoplastic diseases. 相似文献
200.
S. R. Bloom A. V. Edwards R. N. Hardy Krystyna W. Malinowska 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1977,33(3):362-363
Summary Quantitative analysis of adrenal responses to moderate hypoxia and hypercapnia in the conscious calf shows that the sensitivity of the adrenal cortical response far exceeds that of the adrenal medulla.Acknowledgment. This work has been supported by grants from the Agricultural Research Council, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust. We are also indebted to Dr D. M. Burley (CIBA) for his continued support. 相似文献