Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite

From the standpoints of both basic research and biotechnology, there is considerable interest in reaching a clearer understanding of the diversity of biological mechanisms employed during lignocellulose degradation. Globally, termites are an extremely successful group of wood-degrading organisms and are therefore important both for their roles in carbon turnover in the environment and as potential sources of biochemical catalysts for efforts aimed at converting wood into biofuels. Only recently have data supported any direct role for the symbiotic bacteria in the gut of the termite in cellulose and xylan hydrolysis. Here we use a metagenomic analysis of the bacterial community resident in the hindgut paunch of a wood-feeding 'higher' Nasutitermes species (which do not contain cellulose-fermenting protozoa) to show the presence of a large, diverse set of bacterial genes for cellulose and xylan hydrolysis. Many of these genes were expressed in vivo or had cellulase activity in vitro, and further analyses implicate spirochete and fibrobacter species in gut lignocellulose degradation. New insights into other important symbiotic functions including H2 metabolism, CO2-reductive acetogenesis and N2 fixation are also provided by this first system-wide gene analysis of a microbial community specialized towards plant lignocellulose degradation. Our results underscore how complex even a 1-microl environment can be.     

The development of a protoplanetary disk from its natal envelope

Class 0 protostars, the youngest type of young stellar objects, show many signs of rapid development from their initial, spheroidal configurations, and therefore are studied intensively for details of the formation of protoplanetary disks within protostellar envelopes. At millimetre wavelengths, kinematic signatures of collapse have been observed in several such protostars, through observations of molecular lines that probe their outer envelopes. It has been suggested that one or more components of the proto-multiple system NGC 1333-IRAS 4 (refs 1, 2) may display signs of an embedded region that is warmer and denser than the bulk of the envelope. Here we report observations that reveal details of the core on Solar System dimensions. We detect in NGC 1333-IRAS 4B a rich emission spectrum of H2O, at wavelengths 20-37 microm, which indicates an origin in extremely dense, warm gas. We can model the emission as infall from a protostellar envelope onto the surface of a deeply embedded, dense disk, and therefore see the development of a protoplanetary disk. This is the only example of mid-infrared water emission from a sample of 30 class 0 objects, perhaps arising from a favourable orientation; alternatively, this may be an early and short-lived stage in the evolution of a protoplanetary disk.     

徽州古村落形成与发展的地理环境研究

徽州地处亚热带湿润季风气候区,黄山、天目山和白际山脉环绕徽州四周,山脉之间形成休(宁)歙(县)、黟县、祁门等盆地,源于四周山脉的新安江及其众多支流回环全境,形成闭塞而景色秀美的自然环境,为历史上中原地区因战乱等原因形成的南迁人口提供了重要的迁徙地.大量中原人口的迁入,给徽州带来了封建宗法制度,促进了徽州的文风,同时也加剧了徽州的人地矛盾.明清时期的徽商,为徽州古村落的建设和发展奠定了坚实的物质基础.历经千百年的发展,“秀丽山水”、“文风昌盛”和“富甲天下”终于成为明清时期徽州古村落自然环境和人文环境的主要内涵.     

基于RS与LS-SVR的储层参数预测

该文提出结合粗糙集(RS)和最小二乘支持向量回归(LS-SVR)的方法.该方法利用RS对原始数据进行约简,更好地减少了支持向量的维数;同时采用LS-SVR解决了常规SVM计算速度慢、抗噪能力差的缺点.实例证明该方法应用在复杂地层储层参数预测中具有优越性.     

数控装备质量的模糊物元综合评价方法

针对数控装备质量多层次指标评价问题,提出了一种基于模糊物元模型的综合评价方法。该方法利用模糊物元理论分析多个质量特性及其属性特征,并建立了数控装备质量综合评价模型。采用层次分析法和信息熵确定评价指标权重,建立基于最小二乘法的优化组合权重模型计算组合权重,并运用模糊物元法给出评价结果。实例研究表明该方法可行、合理。     

辣椒红色素与辣椒素生物技术提取与分离工艺研究

利用辣椒素和辣椒红色素在不同体积分数乙醇中的溶解度差异,建立一次性提取及纯化辣椒中辣椒素和辣椒红色素的方法.经过不断的摸索和尝试,最终确立乙醇超声提取法一次性提取辣椒中的辣椒素和辣椒红色素,并对其制备条件进行优化.经试验验证,辣椒素最佳的乙醇提取体积分数为550 mL/L,最佳的提取次数为5次,最佳的提取温度为70℃;辣椒红色素最佳的乙醇提取体积分数为950 mL/L,最佳的提取次数为3次,最佳的提取温度为50℃.     

超宽带信道下MBOK调制系统可达速率分析

该文从信息论角度分析了超宽带信道下MBOK(M-ary bi-orthogonal keying)调制系统(包括均衡、编码)的性能,以提供超宽带调制系统设计的理论分析工具.该系统采用频域均衡以获得分集增益,且均衡的残余干扰在MBOK解扩后也得以降低.基于最小均方误差(MMSE)频域均衡,并将MBOK解扩后的残余跨符号干...     

辐射沙脊群条子泥动力地貌演变遥感分析

针对辐射沙脊群汇聚带条子泥冲淤多变的特性,采用遥感与地面测量相结合的方法,重点选用10期低潮位遥感影像和2006-2009年4期地形测量数据,研究了条子泥二分水动力均衡、沙洲稳定性、主要潮水沟演变和近期地形冲淤.研究结果表明:条子泥相对稳定区主要分布于弶港近岸边滩和二分水滩脊;二分水总体稳定、先北后南摆动;近40年来,...     

短小芽孢杆菌木聚糖酶的同源建模及分子动力学模拟

克隆并测序来源于短小芽孢杆菌的木聚糖酶基因,测定其编码产物的理化件质并鉴定其表达产物为常温酶蛋白.利用同源建模构建出具有较高精度的三级结构模型,并进行优化和评估.利用分子动力学模拟木聚糖酶基因对热不稳定的分子机制,了解影响该酶热稳定性的因素,寻找对热不稳定性的区域.通过与嗜热木聚糖酶比较发现,两者在3个区域的分子动力学...     

Crystal算子的Hypercyclicity

称复可分Banach空间上的算子T是Crystal算子,如果T在其任意非零不变子空间上的限制相似于T.对于某个x∈X,称T是超循环的(Hypercyclic),若{x,Tx,T2x,…,Tnx,…}=X;若V{Tnx∶n≥0}=X,则称T是循环的;称T是严格循环的,如果存在x∈ X使得fv(T)x=X,其中fv(T)是...