Structure of epsilon15 bacteriophage reveals genome organization and DNA packaging/injection apparatus

The critical viral components for packaging DNA, recognizing and binding to host cells, and injecting the condensed DNA into the host are organized at a single vertex of many icosahedral viruses. These component structures do not share icosahedral symmetry and cannot be resolved using a conventional icosahedral averaging method. Here we report the structure of the entire infectious Salmonella bacteriophage epsilon15 (ref. 1) determined from single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, without icosahedral averaging. This structure displays not only the icosahedral shell of 60 hexamers and 11 pentamers, but also the non-icosahedral components at one pentameric vertex. The densities at this vertex can be identified as the 12-subunit portal complex sandwiched between an internal cylindrical core and an external tail hub connecting to six projecting trimeric tailspikes. The viral genome is packed as coaxial coils in at least three outer layers with approximately 90 terminal nucleotides extending through the protein core and the portal complex and poised for injection. The shell protein from icosahedral reconstruction at higher resolution exhibits a similar fold to that of other double-stranded DNA viruses including herpesvirus, suggesting a common ancestor among these diverse viruses. The image reconstruction approach should be applicable to studying other biological nanomachines with components of mixed symmetries.     

数控机床补偿误差的激光干涉仪识别技术

提出了基于数控机床的空间误差模型,用激光干涉仪测量机床工作空间中的对角线位移误差来识别机床空间误差的方法,解决了机床垂直轴roll误差的测量难题。结果表明所提出的方法测量精度高,缩短了测量时间,减少了对光学器件的需求量。     

ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM FOR QUEUES WITH STATE-DEPENDENT VACATIONS Ⅱ:M(n)/G/1/K

We study a single-server queueing system with state-dependent arrivals and general service-distribution.or simply M(n)/G/1/K.where the server follows an N policy and takes multiple vacationswhen the system is empty.We provide a recursive algorithm using the supplementary variable tech-nique to munerically compute the stationary queue length distribution of the system.The only inputrequirements are the Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of the service time distribution and the vacation timedistribution.and the state-dependent arrival rate.The computational complexity of the algorithm isO(K~3).     

Applying particle swarm optimization and honey bee mating optimization in developing an intelligent market segmentation system

Data mining has been successfully applied in many fields to find useful information stored in vast databases.Market segmentation,which segments data into homogenous clusters by using cluster analysis,is among the most important of the applications in data mining.In this study,we propose a clustering system which integrates particle swarm optimization and honey bee mating optimization methods (PSHBMO).Simulations for a benchmark test function show that our proposed method is better equipped to find the global optimum than other well-known clustering algorithms.Finally,the proposed clustering system is applied to a real-world consumer electronic company to perform market segmentation via the RFM model.     

Small modulation of ongoing cortical dynamics by sensory input during natural vision

During vision, it is believed that neural activity in the primary visual cortex is predominantly driven by sensory input from the environment. However, visual cortical neurons respond to repeated presentations of the same stimulus with a high degree of variability. Although this variability has been considered to be noise owing to random spontaneous activity within the cortex, recent studies show that spontaneous activity has a highly coherent spatio-temporal structure. This raises the possibility that the pattern of this spontaneous activity may shape neural responses during natural viewing conditions to a larger extent than previously thought. Here, we examine the relationship between spontaneous activity and the response of primary visual cortical neurons to dynamic natural-scene and random-noise film images in awake, freely viewing ferrets from the time of eye opening to maturity. The correspondence between evoked neural activity and the structure of the input signal was weak in young animals, but systematically improved with age. This improvement was linked to a shift in the dynamics of spontaneous activity. At all ages including the mature animal, correlations in spontaneous neural firing were only slightly modified by visual stimulation, irrespective of the sensory input. These results suggest that in both the developing and mature visual cortex, sensory evoked neural activity represents the modulation and triggering of ongoing circuit dynamics by input signals, rather than directly reflecting the structure of the input signal itself.     

CpG island hypermethylation is maintained in human colorectal cancer cells after RNAi-mediated depletion of DNMT1

The role of the primary mammalian DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1, in maintaining CpG island methylation in human colon cancer cells has recently been questioned. This controversy has arisen from discrepancies between genetic knockout and RNA interference-mediated knockdown studies. Here, we re-examined the RNA interference-based approach and found that hypermethylation of single-copy genes is maintained in cells transiently and stably depleted of DNMT1.     

基于现场总线的开放式数控系统体系结构研究

结合现场总线的特点和开放式系统的要求，提出了一种基于现场总线的开放式CNC系统的体系结构，并把该体系划分为应用层，功能层和设备层三个层次，对每一层的功能进行了系统的分析和描述。在实现方法上，采用COM／DCOM技术的OPC规范的软件方法，实现了数控系统的软件 模块的重用与扩充；采用Profibus现场总线实现了数控系统的硬件模块的互操作与互换，从而满足了数控系统开放性的要求。