Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli have a high duty ratio

Rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor is driven by an ensemble of torque-generating units containing the proteins MotA and MotB. Here, by inducing expression of MotA in motA- cells under conditions of low viscous load, we show that the limiting speed of the motor is independent of the number of units: at vanishing load, one unit turns the motor as rapidly as many. This result indicates that each unit may remain attached to the rotor for most of its mechanochemical cycle, that is, that it has a high duty ratio. Thus, torque generators behave more like kinesin, the protein that moves vesicles along microtubules, than myosin, the protein that powers muscle. However, their translation rates, stepping frequencies and power outputs are much higher, being greater than 30 microm s(-1), 12 kHz and 1.5 x 10(5) pN nm s(-1), respectively.     

微小卫星星务计算机系统模拟部件可靠性设计

为确保星务计算机系统长期在轨工作的稳定性,针对系统中数模转换器等不同模拟部件的特点,给出相应的可靠性设计方案。在模拟输入通道中采用中位值滤波和递推平均滤波的组合算法,来获取尽可能可靠的输入数据,在模拟输出通道中则采用中值表决电路通用模块实现正确的模拟输出。该方案已在原理样机研制中得到验证和完善。仿真和验证结果表明,本方案在兼顾微小卫星对功耗、质量等苛刻要求的同时,能够很好地满足系统的可靠性要求。     

Development of isolated neocortex

Résumé La migration des neuroblastes et la croissance des aires dendritiques de base des neurones pyramidaux font ici l'objet d'une étude portant sur les régions IV et Vb du néocortex cérébral isolé de rats de souche Wistar. La migration des neuroblastes s'éffectuait normalement et aboutissait au dispositif habituel ordonné en 6 régions. Aucun changement qualitatif ne fut observé dans la méthode de croissance dendritique des cortex cérébraux isolés, mais la densité des aires dendritiques était diminuée dans chaque cas, bien que les effets sur les neurones de la région Vb fussent rendus complexes par l'effet de Gudden.     

人因工程在青岛世园会的应用分析

青岛世园会是第一次在山地举办的世园会,如何让游客方便、安全的游览是园区设施设计的目的,本文从色彩的应用、安全标志、说明标志、公共服务设施、无障碍设计等多个方面对世园会的设计进行了分析,解释了世园会按照人因工程原则进行设计的过程和细节,并分析了不足,为公共设施的设计提供了借鉴。     

The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is Macaca fascicularis (the 'kra' monkey); however, it is now increasingly recognized as a significant cause of human malaria, particularly in southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi was the first malaria parasite species in which antigenic variation was demonstrated, and it has a close phylogenetic relationship to Plasmodium vivax, the second most important species of human malaria parasite (reviewed in ref. 4). Despite their relatedness, there are important phenotypic differences between them, such as host blood cell preference, absence of a dormant liver stage or 'hypnozoite' in P. knowlesi, and length of the asexual cycle (reviewed in ref. 4). Here we present an analysis of the P. knowlesi (H strain, Pk1(A+) clone) nuclear genome sequence. This is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be described, and it provides an opportunity for comparison with the recently completed P. vivax genome and other sequenced Plasmodium genomes. In contrast to other Plasmodium genomes, putative variant antigen families are dispersed throughout the genome and are associated with intrachromosomal telomere repeats. One of these families, the KIRs, contains sequences that collectively match over one-half of the host CD99 extracellular domain, which may represent an unusual form of molecular mimicry.