Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions,hemichannels and more

Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.     

The occurrence and function of the sphragis in the zerynthiine genera Zerynthia,Allancastria and Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Papilionidae)

In some butterfly species males attach a large external mating plug termed a sphragis to the female abdomen during mating. This is derived from male accessory secretions and covers the female ostium bursae and surrounding areas, thus preventing or delaying remating. Specimens of all 12 species of the genera Zerynthia, Allancastria and Bhutanitis (Lepidoptera: papilionidae), which form a natural clade within the Zerynthiini, were examined for presence or absence of a sphragis and their male and female genitalia were studied. In all three genera female genitalia lack a typical sinus vaginalis and the sterigma is modified to form an exposed, shiny, well-sclerotized genital plate, derived from the fusion and expansion of the lamellae ante- and postvaginales. The exposed ostium bursae is situated near the posterior end of the genital plate in Zerynthia, whereas in Allancastria and Bhutanitis it is near the anterior end. A crude irregularly formed sphragis was found at least facultatively in all species. The sphragides of Zerynthia and Bhutanitis were generally poorly developed, in most cases only partially covering the female genital plate. In Allancastria the sphragis mostly covered the genital plate entirely, and generally incorporated numerous long scales derived from the male’s 8th abdominal segment; scales were sometimes sparse or absent, probably due to depletion from repeated matings by males. In Zerynthia, males lacked the dense terminal abdominal tuft of elongated scales found in Allancastria, and their sphragis lacked scales. The sphragis of Bhutanitis thaidina incorporated scales from the male valves, whereas in the B. lidderdalii sphragis (and probably B. ludlowi) the scales derived from the male’s 8th abdominal segment. The role of the scales and possible reasons for the difference in the development of the sphragis among these genera are discussed.     

Über die optimale Zusammensetzung der Nahrung

Résumé La notion d'«alimentation optimale», préconisée parMacCollum, est soumise à une critique au cours de laquelle l'auteur montre les difficultés qui se présentent lorsque l'on veut préciser cette notion. Il relève le rôle encore peu clair que joue la flore intestinale pour la synthèse de substances essentielles à l'alimentation de l'homme. La quantité optimale nécessaire n'est en matière d'alimentation pas une valeur stable, car elle dépend de la situation générale du métabolisme, ainsi que le prouvent certains exemples de la physiologie des vitamines B.Une méthode particulièrement adéquate, spécifique pour reconnaître une situation optimale de l'alimentation, est donnée dans la méthode d'autosélection («self selection»), plus spécialement sous la forme développée parC. P. Richter. On peut trouver bien des analogies entre les résultats expérimentaux et certains faits connus de l'alimentation humaine. En ce qui concerne le régime optimal pour l'homme, seules les expériences sur l'homme sont déterminantes, comme elles ont été entreprises aux Etats-Unis au cours de la dernière guerre chez des volontaires.Les recherches expérimentales sur l'effet que les vitamines et d'autres substances alimentaires déterminent sur le développement des infections et des tumeurs malignes montrent qu'au régime alimentaire suboptimal et optimal s'oppose le régime superoptimal.

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Vortrag, gehalten am 23. Oktober 1946 in der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel.     

顶岗实习管理机制提高就业率的研究与实践——以辽阳职业技术学院为例

通过对辽阳职业技术学院生物制药专业2010级、2011级学生顶岗实习情况的调查分析,构建"五化三落实"顶岗实习管理机制,提出顶岗实习是培养高技能人才的重要环节,是充分就业的有效途径.     

黑杨派新无性系研究——Ⅰ、苗期测定

<正>从I-69杨 ×小叶杨派间杂交 F_1中和从I-69杨×欧洲黑杨种间杂交 F_1中分别 初选出 19个和11个无性系。前者h~2_h= 86.0211％,h~2_d= 85. 1068％,h~2_v= 76.4196％; GCV_h= 15.8371％, GCV_d=17.5931％,GCV_v= 41.7448％。后者h~2_h= 86.6561％, h~2_d=96.6488％, h~2_v=88.0213％; GCV_h=17.0832％,GCV_d=18.8078％, GCV_v=42.9045％。说明从中选择优良无性系是可能的。 苗高、地径和材积三个性状之间的遗传、表型和环境相关系数都是极显著的,表明三个性状中任何一个性状均可作为优良无性系的选择性状。在前述初选的19个和11个无性系中又分别选择了5个和6个无性系,并估算了它们的遗传增益。