Water regulation in Barmer goat of the Rajasthan desert

Summary The different body fluid compartments in normally watered and 4-day water-deprived goasts of Rajasthan desert, India, were measured in autumn. The goats maintained plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume, but lost gut and cell water considerably under the experimental conditions; indicating that the maintenance of the fluidity of the blood has priority over the body's other fluid requirements in this desert-adapted species during water deprivation.We are indebted to Dr H.S. Mann, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur for kindly providing the necessary facilities for this work.     

Effect of emetine on certain aspects of protein metabolism

Résumé Le contenu de protéine, de RNA et de DNA dans les tissus de foie, de cur et de rognon a été étudié chez des rats albinos traités à l'émétine. Le traitement a réduit la concentration de la protéine et du DNA dans le foie et dans le rognon. Dans le cur, cette concentration ne fut pas altérée d'une maniére significative. On suggère que l'émétine non settlement empÊche la synthèse de la protéine, mais réduit aussi sa désagrégation.     

TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential components of the innate immune response against intracellular bacteria and it is thought that professional phagocytes generate ROS primarily via the phagosomal NADPH oxidase machinery. However, recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial ROS (mROS) also contribute to mouse macrophage bactericidal activity, although the mechanisms linking innate immune signalling to mitochondria for mROS generation remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that engagement of a subset of Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4) results in the recruitment of mitochondria to macrophage phagosomes and augments mROS production. This response involves translocation of a TLR signalling adaptor, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), to mitochondria, where it engages the protein ECSIT (evolutionarily conserved signalling intermediate in Toll pathways), which is implicated in mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. Interaction with TRAF6 leads to ECSIT ubiquitination and enrichment at the mitochondrial periphery, resulting in increased mitochondrial and cellular ROS generation. ECSIT- and TRAF6-depleted macrophages have decreased levels of TLR-induced ROS and are significantly impaired in their ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Additionally, reducing macrophage mROS levels by expressing catalase in mitochondria results in defective bacterial killing, confirming the role of mROS in bactericidal activity. These results reveal a novel pathway linking innate immune signalling to mitochondria, implicate mROS as an important component of antibacterial responses and further establish mitochondria as hubs for innate immune signalling.     

Genetic analysis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus in mice.

Two genes, Idd-3 and Idd-4, that influence the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse have been located on chromosomes 3 and 11, outside the chromosome 17 major histocompatibility complex. A genetic map of the mouse genome, analysed using the polymerase chain reaction, has been assembled specifically for the study. On the basis of comparative maps of the mouse and human genomes, the homologue of Idd-3 may reside on human chromosomes 1 or 4 and Idd-4 on chromosome 17.     

Aldose metabolism in developing human fetal brain and liver

Summary Aldose reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities were studied in human foetal brain and liver at different periods of gestation. Aldose reductase activity in liver disappears after 16 weeks of gestation whereas sorbitol dehydrogenase keeps on increasing in liver as well as in brain. In utero, some glucose metabolism may be mediated through an active sorbitol pathway in human fetuses.Acknowledgments. These studies were supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research.     

Aldose metabolism in developing human fetal brain and liver

Aldose reductase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities were studied in human foetal brain and liver at different periods of gestation. Aldose reductase activity in liver disappears after 16 weeks of gestation whereas sorbitol dehydrogenase keeps on increasing in liver as well as in brain. In utero, some glucose metabolism may be mediated through an active sorbitol pathway in human fetuses.     

Liposomes as immunological carriers for the preparation of antimannosyl antibodies

Antiserum was raised against an aminophenyl derivative of D-mannose grafted on to a liposomal surface. As characterized by immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitation and hapten inhibition, the antiserum was found to contain mannose specific antibodies in addition to antibodies against the aromatic phenyl group.