Requirement of Bmpr1a for Müllerian duct regression during male sexual development

Elimination of the developing female reproductive tract in male fetuses is an essential step in mammalian sexual differentiation. In males, the fetal testis produces the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family member anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh, also known as Müllerian-inhibiting substance (Mis)), which causes regression of the Müllerian ducts, the primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina. Amh induces regression by binding to a specific type II receptor (Amhr2) expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the ductal epithelium. Mutations in AMH or AMHR2 in humans and mice disrupt signaling, producing male pseudohermaphrodites that possess oviducts and uteri. The type I receptor and Smad proteins that are required in vivo for Müllerian duct regression have not yet been identified. Here we show that targeted disruption of the widely expressed type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor Bmpr1a (also known as Alk3) in the mesenchymal cells of the Müllerian ducts leads to retention of oviducts and uteri in males. These results identify Bmpr1a as a type I receptor for Amh-induced regression of Müllerian ducts. Because Bmpr1a is evolutionarily conserved, these findings indicate that a component of the BMP signaling pathway has been co-opted during evolution for male sexual development in amniotes.     

A genome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility loci for duodenal ulcer in the Japanese population

Through a genome-wide association analysis with a total of 7,035 individuals with duodenal ulcer and 25,323 controls from Japan, we identified two susceptibility loci at the PSCA gene (encoding prostate stem cell antigen) at 8q24 and at the ABO blood group locus at 9q34. The C allele of rs2294008 at PSCA was associated with increased risk of duodenal ulcer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.84; P = 3.92 × 10(-33)) in a recessive model but was associated with decreased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 0.79; P = 6.79 × 10(-12)), as reported previously. The T allele of rs2294008 encodes a translation initiation codon upstream of the reported site and changes protein localization from the cytoplasm to the cell surface. rs505922 at ABO was also associated with duodenal ulcer in a recessive model (OR = 1.32; P = 1.15 × 10(-10)). Our findings demonstrate a role for genetic variants in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer.     

Axial patterning in cephalochordates and the evolution of the organizer

The organizer of the vertebrate gastrula is an important signalling centre that induces and patterns dorsal axial structures. Although a topic of long-standing interest, the evolutionary origin of the organizer remains unclear. Here we show that the gastrula of the cephalochordate amphioxus expresses dorsal/ventral (D/V) patterning genes (for example, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Nodal and their antagonists) in patterns reminiscent of those of their vertebrate orthlogues, and that amphioxus embryos, like those of vertebrates, are ventralized by exogenous BMP protein. In addition, Wnt-antagonists (for example, Dkks and sFRP2-like) are expressed anteriorly, whereas Wnt genes themselves are expressed posteriorly, consistent with a role for Wnt signalling in anterior/posterior (A/P) patterning. These results suggest evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms for both D/V and A/P patterning of the early gastrula. In light of recent phylogenetic analyses placing cephalochordates basally in the chordate lineage, we propose that separate signalling centres for patterning the D/V and A/P axes may be an ancestral chordate character.     

一个福利设施的热环境和问卷调查

为探讨热环境对居住在福利院中的老龄人的感受的影响．选择若干老人福利院作为研究对象，对其热湿环境加以测量，并利用夏季时间对老龄人对热环境的反应进行了调查．     

面向教育大数据的知识追踪研究综述

介绍了知识追踪（KT）的相关概念与任务,梳理其发展脉络,综述KT的原理、相关算法和数据集,分析了不同结构的KT模型的优缺点.在此基础上,对KT领域未来发展方向进行了深入探讨,提出了数据表征、认知建模、模型可解释性三个重要的发展方向,并作出了一定的展望.     

大跨屋盖结构多目标等效静力风荷载精细化分析

基于已建立的大跨屋盖结构多目标等效静力风荷载理论框架,对其中存在的关键问题进行精细化分析。首先,根据结构风振响应特性,分别推导构造多目标等效静力风荷载的背景分量、共振分量及其二者耦合项分量,解决基本分量应与风振响应分析结果相对应且能再现风振响应特性的问题。其次,根据各基本分量作用下结构静力响应分布的相似程度对基本分量进行归并精简,从而保证所选基本分量的高效性,实现用较少的基本分量完成尽可能多的目标响应等效。最后,针对基于数值方法求解多目标等效方程造成的计算结果离散性大、不便于工程应用、精度不高等问题,补充求解的边界条件方程,并提出对计算结果的修正方法。利用提出的精细化分析方法,对国家网球中心\"莲花\"球场屋盖结构多目标等效静力风荷载进行分析。研究结果表明:所得多目标等效静力风荷载分布合理,静力响应与多目标响应较吻合,验证了所提出的方法的有效性和工程实用性。     

氧钒(Ⅳ)-碳酸氢根水溶液配合反应的研究

本文应用溶解度法和电子光谱研究了氧钒(Ⅳ)-碳酸氢根水溶液体系的配合反应。在15±2℃,恒定离子强度Ⅰ=1.0的条件下,测得溶液中[VO~(2 )]<0.012M时,钒(Ⅳ)仅以单核配离子VO(CO_3)(OH)~-存在;当[VO~(2 )]在0.014～0.035M之间时,以5核配离子(VO)_5(CO_3)_5(OH)_5~(5-)和(VO)_5(CO_3)_5(OH)_6~(6-)的混合物存在;当[VO~(2 )]>0.035M时,则存在6核配离子(VO)_6(CO_3)_4(OH)_9~(5-)。同时测定了有关反应的平衡常数。