交叉销售下价格和存货影响需求的特价商品经济订货批量模型

交叉销售是一种经常采用的市场营销方式,对提高销售商市场占有率起着重要作用. 考虑特价商品与相关商品存在交叉销售,其需求与价格和库存水平有关,有现货时会促进相关商品销售,缺货时顾客等待意愿受价格和时间共同影响,构造了一个新的短缺量滞后供给分数,建立了相应的经济订货批量模型（economic order quantity model,简称EOQ模型）. 从理论上分析了模型唯一最优解存在的条件和相关的管理启示. 采用数值仿真研究了价格和时间敏感因子、需求相关因子等参数对销售商订货策略和平均利润的影响. 研究结果表明：特价商品销售价、有现货和缺货时间均存在一个合理范围,其中销售价在一定条件下不能超过某一固定值,缺货时间存在一个下限,当价格和时间敏感因子、需求相关因子和两种商品销售价与采购价之差增加时,应尽量减少缺货时间;当特价商品销售价高于该固定值时,有现货和缺货时间存在一个上限;在一定条件下,提高特价商品销售价会减少销售商整体收益.     

一种改进的PSO-MBCV算法的车底阴影分割

针对当前车底阴影分割算法在复杂环境下鲁棒性较差以及最大类间方差（maximum between class variance,　MBCV）多阈值分割算法不能自动确定阈值个数的问题,提出利用峰值自适应方法自动确定MBCV多阈值分割算法中阈值个数;然后,以阈值的个数为粒子群优化算法（particle swarm optimization,　PSO）中粒子的维数,提出了一种改进的PSO MBCV算法的车底阴影分割。实验结果表明,该算法能有较低的误分类误差,能有效地分割出车底阴影。     

Self-assembled structure of alkyloxy substituted benzoic acid methyl ester on HOPG：An STM study

Self-assembled structures of 3,4,5-tris-dodecy-loxy benzoic acid methyl ester (E12), 3,4,5-tris-tetradecy-loxy-benzoic acid methyl ester (E14) and their mixture (E12/E14) have been studied on HOPG by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Dimer-like patterns induced by dipole-dipole interaction are observed in E12 and E14 monolayers. The molecules form close-packed rows and interdigitate with the alkyl chains in adjacent molecules. The structural differences are proposed to be from the different length of substituted alkyl chains. Owing to similar adsorption energy, phase separation is observed in the E12 and E14 mixed adlayer with different domains.     

The Self-Organization of Time and Causality: Steps Towards Understanding the Ultimate Origin

Possibly the most fundamental scientific problem is the origin of time and causality. The inherent difficulty is that all scientific theories of origins and evolution consider the existence of time and causality as given. We tackle this problem by starting from the concept of self-organization, which is seen as the spontaneous emergence of order out of primordial chaos. Self-organization can be explained by the selective retention of invariant or consistent variations, implying a breaking of the initial symmetry exhibited by randomness. In the case of time, we start from a random graph connecting primitive “events”. Selection on the basis of consistency eliminates cyclic parts of the graph, so that transitive closure can transform it into a partial order relation of precedence. Causality is assumed to be carried by causal “agents” which undergo a more traditional variation and selection, giving rise to causal laws that are partly contingent, partly necessary.     

And Yet It Moves: The Observability of the Rotation of the Earth

A central point of controversy in the time of the Copernican Revolution was the motion, or not, of the earth. We now take it for granted that Copernicus and Galileo were right; the earth really does move. But to what extent is this conclusion based on observation? This paper explores the meaning and observability of the rotation of the earth and shows that the phenomenon was not observable at the time of Galileo, and it is not observable now.     

Development (and Evolution) of the Universe

I distinguish Nature from the World. I also distinguish development from evolution. Development is progressive change and can be modeled as part of Nature, using a specification hierarchy. I have proposed a ‘canonical developmental trajectory’ of dissipative structures with the stages defined thermodynamically and informationally. I consider some thermodynamic aspects of the Big Bang, leading to a proposal for reviving final cause. This model imposes a ‘hylozooic’ kind of interpretation upon Nature, as all emergent features at higher levels would have been vaguely and episodically present primitively in the lower integrative levels, and were stabilized materially with the developmental emergence of new levels. The specification hierarchy’s form is that of a tree, with its trunk in its lowest level, and so this hierarchy is appropriate for modeling an expanding system like the Universe. It is consistent with this model of differentiation during Big Bang development to view emerging branch tips as having been entrained by multiple finalities because of the top-down integration of the various levels of organization by the higher levels.     

Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time: Theory and Applications

In the first part of this contribution, we review the development of the theory of scale relativity and its geometric framework constructed in terms of a fractal and nondifferentiable continuous space-time. This theory leads (i) to a generalization of possible physically relevant fractal laws, written as partial differential equation acting in the space of scales, and (ii) to a new geometric foundation of quantum mechanics and gauge field theories and their possible generalisations. In the second part, we discuss some examples of application of the theory to various sciences, in particular in cases when the theoretical predictions have been validated by new or updated observational and experimental data. This includes predictions in physics and cosmology (value of the QCD coupling and of the cosmological constant), to astrophysics and gravitational structure formation (distances of extrasolar planets to their stars, of Kuiper belt objects, value of solar and solar-like star cycles), to sciences of life (log-periodic law for species punctuated evolution, human development and society evolution), to Earth sciences (log-periodic deceleration of the rate of California earthquakes and of Sichuan earthquake replicas, critical law for the arctic sea ice extent) and tentative applications to systems biology.     

Informational Branching Universe

This paper suggests an epistemic interpretation of Belnap’s branching space-times theory based on Everett’s relative state formulation of the measurement operation in quantum mechanics. The informational branching models of the universe are evolving structures defined from a partial ordering relation on the set of memory states of the impersonal observer. The totally ordered set of their information contents defines a linear “time” scale to which the decoherent alternative histories of the informational universe can be referred—which is quite necessary for assigning them a probability distribution. The “historical” state of a physical system is represented in an appropriate extended Hilbert space and an algebra of multi-branch operators is developed. An age operator computes the informational depth of historical states and its standard deviation can be used to provide a universal information/energy uncertainty relation. An information operator computes the encoding complexity of historical states, the rate of change of its average value accounting for the process of correlation destruction inherent to the branching dynamics. In the informational branching models of the universe, the asymmetry of phenomena in nature appears as a mere consequence of the subject’s activity of measuring, which defines the flow of time-information.     

三七多糖的微波辅助提取工艺

采用正交试验法优化了三七多糖的微波提取工艺,采用激光粒度分析法探讨了提取机理,分析了多糖的单糖组成,并测定了多糖的溶解性。三七多糖的较佳微波辅助提取工艺条件为微波处理时间8min、浸泡时间60min、液固比30mL/g、粒度200目。微波辅助提取的多糖提取率(21.0mg/g)显著高于传统提取(12.7mg/g)。三七多糖的Molish反应呈阳性,多糖酸水解产物的薄层色谱呈现出3个斑点,分别与葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖相对应。微波辅助提取对三七多糖的提取效果明显优于传统提取,其机理可能是微波处理促进了三七样品的水化和溶胀过程,使样品结构变得松散、膨胀,从而促进了多糖从样品中扩散和溶出。三七多糖主要由葡萄糖、半乳糖和阿拉伯糖3种单糖构成,pH值对其溶解性影响较大。