大气降水中低分子有机酸的季节变化及对酸雨形成的贡献(以贵阳市和尚重镇为例)

低分子有机酸是大气中普遍存在的一种化学成分, 对酸雨的形成有重要的贡献. 西南地区是酸雨污染重灾区, 2006年4月到2007年4月用离子色谱法测定了贵阳市和尚重镇大气降水中的7种低分子有机酸. 实验结果表明: 两地大气降水中, 甲酸、乙酸和草酸是最主要的有机酸, 贵阳市其雨量加权平均值分别为14.24, 9.35和2.79 μmol/L, 而尚重镇则分别为4.95, 1.35和2.31 μmol/L. 尚重镇大气降水中低分子有机酸生长季节浓度高于非生长季节浓度, 说明植物或土壤的释放可能是尚重镇大气有机酸的主要来源; 与之相反, 贵阳市大气降水中有机酸非生长季节浓度高于生长季节浓度, 可能与该地区冬季降水次数少, 每次雨量小以及降水同时易伴随颗粒物沉降有关. 贵阳市有机酸对自由酸贡献分别为: 甲酸?7.9%, 乙酸?4.7%, 草酸?6.1%, 3种主要有机酸贡献了18.7%的自由酸; 尚重镇分别为: 甲酸?25.1%, 乙酸?7.5%, 草酸?25.5%, 有机酸对自由酸贡献为58.1%. 贵阳市降水中有机酸根占阴离子总和的1.7%~19.2%, 平均值为6.6%. 尚重镇降水中有机酸根对总阴离子的贡献为0.5%~92.2%, 平均贡献为13.2%. 由此可见, 低分子有机酸, 尤其是边远地区, 对大气降水酸化的影响不可忽视.     

建筑用铝合金的疲劳性能试验

作为一种建筑金属材料,铝合金对应力集中和裂纹比较敏感。经过固熔热处理、人工时效、挤压成型等处理后,铝合金构件的疲劳强度相对较低,抗疲劳能力差。为研究6061-T 6和6005-T 5两种典型的铝合金材料的疲劳性能,通过常规试验方法分别对这两组铝合金光滑板试件进行了轴向拉伸疲劳试验。在循环次数为104~2×106时测定了两种材料的S-N曲线。试验结果发现:铝合金的疲劳强度大致与抗拉强度成正比,抗拉强度高的疲劳强度也高。     

On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals.

Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges. This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals. A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres. However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap. Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.     

Programmable and autonomous computing machine made of biomolecules.

Devices that convert information from one form into another according to a definite procedure are known as automata. One such hypothetical device is the universal Turing machine, which stimulated work leading to the development of modern computers. The Turing machine and its special cases, including finite automata, operate by scanning a data tape, whose striking analogy to information-encoding biopolymers inspired several designs for molecular DNA computers. Laboratory-scale computing using DNA and human-assisted protocols has been demonstrated, but the realization of computing devices operating autonomously on the molecular scale remains rare. Here we describe a programmable finite automaton comprising DNA and DNA-manipulating enzymes that solves computational problems autonomously. The automaton's hardware consists of a restriction nuclease and ligase, the software and input are encoded by double-stranded DNA, and programming amounts to choosing appropriate software molecules. Upon mixing solutions containing these components, the automaton processes the input molecule via a cascade of restriction, hybridization and ligation cycles, producing a detectable output molecule that encodes the automaton's final state, and thus the computational result. In our implementation 1012 automata sharing the same software run independently and in parallel on inputs (which could, in principle, be distinct) in 120 microl solution at room temperature at a combined rate of 109 transitions per second with a transition fidelity greater than 99.8%, consuming less than 10-10 W.     

Seborrhea-like dermatitis with psoriasiform elements caused by a mutation in ZNF750, encoding a putative C2H2 zinc finger protein

We describe an Israeli Jewish Moroccan family presenting with autosomal dominant seborrhea-like dermatosis with psoriasiform elements, including enhanced keratinocyte proliferation, parakeratosis, follicular plugging, Pityrosporum ovale overgrowth and dermal CD4 lymphocyte infiltrate. We mapped the disease gene to a 0.5-cM region overlapping the PSORS2 locus (17q25) and identified a frameshift mutation in ZNF750, which encodes a putative C2H2 zinc finger protein. ZNF750 is normally expressed in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts and is barely detectable in CD4 lymphocytes.     

Heritable germline epimutation of MSH2 in a family with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Epimutations in the germline, such as methylation of the MLH1 gene, may contribute to hereditary cancer syndrome in human, but their transmission to offspring has never been documented. Here we report a family with inheritance, in three successive generations, of germline allele-specific and mosaic hypermethylation of the MSH2 gene, without evidence of DNA mismatch repair gene mutation. Three siblings carrying the germline methylation developed early-onset colorectal or endometrial cancers, all with microsatellite instability and MSH2 protein loss. Clonal bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing showed different methylation levels in different somatic tissues, with the highest level recorded in rectal mucosa and colon cancer tissue, and the lowest in blood leukocytes. This mosaic state of germline methylation with different tissue distribution could act as the first hit and provide a mechanism for genetic disease inheritance that may deviate from the mendelian pattern and be overlooked in conventional leukocyte-based genetic diagnosis strategy.     

Cross‐Section Stock Return and Implied Covariance between Jump and Diffusive Volatility

I examine the information content of option‐implied covariance between jumps and diffusive risk in the cross‐sectional variation in future returns. This paper documents that the difference between realized volatility and implied covariance (RV‐ICov) can predict future returns. The results show a significant and negative association of expected return and realized volatility–implied covariance spread in both the portfolio level analysis and cross‐sectional regression study. A trading strategy of buying a portfolio with the lowest RV‐ICov quintile portfolio and selling with the highest one generates positive and significant returns. This RV‐Cov anomaly is robust to controlling for size, book‐to‐market value, liquidity and systematic risk proportion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea,Turkey

Parasites of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus collected from Lower K?z?l?rmak Delta in Turkey were investigated. Trichodina puytoraci, Trichodina lepsii, Ligophorus mediterraneus, Ligophorus cephali, Gyrodactylus sp., Microcotyle mugilis, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus, Diplostomum spathaceum, Tylodelphys clavata, Posthodiplostomum sp., Neoechinorhyncus agilis and Ergasilus lizae were identified. Overall infection prevalence (%), mean intensity and mean abundance values were 99.61%, 458.10 ± 75.72 and 456.30 ± 75.44, respectively. Infection indices of parasite species in relation to season, lakes/lagoons and some physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nitrate are determined and discussed. Posthodiplostomum sp. is a new parasite record for mugilids and Diplostomum spathaceum is the first record in M. cephalus, in the present study. Moreover, Ligophorus mediterraneus, Ligophorus cephali and Ergasilus lizae are new records for Turkish parasite fauna of fish and Mugil cephalus is a new host record for Neoechinorhyncus agilis in Turkey.     

Genome-wide association study reveals three susceptibility loci for common migraine in the general population

Migraine is a common, heterogeneous and heritable neurological disorder. Its pathophysiology is incompletely understood, and its genetic influences at the population level are unknown. In a population-based genome-wide analysis including 5,122 migraineurs and 18,108 non-migraineurs, rs2651899 (1p36.32, PRDM16), rs10166942 (2q37.1, TRPM8) and rs11172113 (12q13.3, LRP1) were among the top seven associations (P < 5 × 10(-6)) with migraine. These SNPs were significant in a meta-analysis among three replication cohorts and met genome-wide significance in a meta-analysis combining the discovery and replication cohorts (rs2651899, odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 3.8 × 10(-9); rs10166942, OR = 0.85, P = 5.5 × 10(-12); and rs11172113, OR = 0.90, P = 4.3 × 10(-9)). The associations at rs2651899 and rs10166942 were specific for migraine compared with non-migraine headache. None of the three SNP associations was preferential for migraine with aura or without aura, nor were any associations specific for migraine features. TRPM8 has been the focus of neuropathic pain models, whereas LRP1 modulates neuronal glutamate signaling, plausibly linking both genes to migraine pathophysiology.