中枢神经系统内的胰岛素及其受体

众所周知,胰岛素是一个小分子的蛋白质类激素,其主要作用是维持外周的血糖平衡,而对于中枢神经系统内胰岛素的研究则相对较少。大脑中非胰岛素依赖性葡萄糖的摄取,是大家认为脑是胰岛素不敏感器官的主要原因。然而,最近的研究结果显示,大脑的提取物中有高浓度的胰岛素;外周分泌的胰岛素,可以经过特异的转运系统穿过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统。与大脑中胰岛素的来源、定位和功能的研究相比,中枢神经系统中胰岛素受体的表达也得到了相当高的关注。将从中枢神经系统尤其是脑内的胰岛素及其受体,中枢神经系统内胰岛素的功能,包括繁殖、食物摄入与体重控制、糖代谢调节和记忆等方面进行简要的综述。     

Lipoprotein lipase activator deficiency in very low density lipoproteins in rat nephrotic syndrome.

Marked urinary loss of lipoprotein lipase activator in experimental rat nephrotic syndrome may be partly responsible for its deficiency in plasma very low density lipoproteins.     

崩解剂羧甲基淀粉的固相合成及性能

对崩解剂羧甲基淀粉（CMS）固相合成方法进行了研究，筛选了固相合成CMS用催化剂，合成了医药用崩解剂羧甲基淀粉，考察了碱和一氯乙酸用量对CMS取供度（DS）的影响及DS和CMS中游离羧基和成盐羧基比（H／Na）对崩解剂吸水溶胀性能的影响。实验表明，该合成方法与溶液相比，节约了有机溶剂，降低了生产成本，提高了产品质量和收率。     

Kinetic and structural evidence of the alkenal/one reductase specificity of human ζ-crystallin

Human ζ-crystallin is a Zn²⁺-lacking medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) included in the quinone oxidoreductase (QOR) family because of its activity with quinones. In the present work a novel enzymatic activity was characterized: the double bond α,β-hydrogenation of medium-chain 2-alkenals and 3-alkenones. The enzyme is especially active with lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxyhexenal, and a role in their detoxification is discussed. This specificity is novel in the QOR family, and it is similar to that described in the distantly related alkenal/one reductase family. Moreover, we report the X-ray structure of ζ-crystallin, which represents the first structure solved for a tetrameric Zn²⁺-lacking MDR, and which allowed the identification of the active-site lining residues. Docking simulations suggest a role for Tyr53 and Tyr59 in catalysis. The kinetics of Tyr53Phe and Tyr59Phe mutants support the implication of Tyr53 in binding/catalysis of alkenal/one substrates, while Tyr59 is involved in the recognition of 4-OH-alkenals.     

锌冶炼中酸浸渣的锌铅分离

研究了含亮铅锌矿经沸腾炉焙烧的挥发氧化物酸浸处理的浸渣的锌、铅分离，使用添加剂ＬＨＹ后，常压下用硫酸浸取，在实验条件下，锌的浸取率达９８％以上，而铅仍以硫酸铅的形式留在浸渣中，从而有效地将锌、铅分离，而其中稀有元素铟的浸出率也较高。     

Structure and assembly of the 20S proteasome

The barrel-shaped 20S proteasome is one of the two components of a larger 26S particle, the multicatalytic 2000-kDa protease complex. The proteolytic sites are located in the inner chamber of the 20S particle and are only accessible via narrow entrances. This paper reviews the current knowledge concerning proteasome formation, proteolytic activities, structural aspects and assembly. Eukaryotic proteasomes are made up by four rings each of which contains seven different subunits occurring at fixed positions. While the outer rings contain α-type subunits, the inner ones comprise β-type subunits. The current assembly model for eukaryotic 20S proteasomes is based upon the detection of 13S and 16S intermediates, respectively, in addition to previous findings with archaebacterial and eubacterial proteasome assembly. The available data suggest a cooperative assembly of the α-type and β-type subunits into half proteasome-like complexes followed by dimerization into proteasomes. During or after dimerization of half proteasomes, the β-type subunits are processed. The prosequence of the β-type subunits is essential for the assembly process and prevents protease activity of immature proteasomes.     

Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy

This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.     

Promises of Presence

My review of Ike Kamphof’s “Webcams to Save Nature: Online Space as Affective and Ethical Space” focuses on the question how the engagement of the spectator of the described websites is temporally structured and how the discrepancy between the instantaneity of affective response and the duration of moral engagement is solved. I propose to draw on Alexander Nehamas’ philosophy of beauty as an in-between, bringing affect and ethics closer together.