斜置旋耕比功耗模型的建立与参数优选

采用试验建模的方法 ,建立了斜置旋耕比功耗模型并应用最优化理论确定了斜置旋耕最佳斜置角。     

脾气虚证动物模型规范化的初步研究——部分免疫功能方面

目的　在脾气虚证动物模型规范化的初步研究中 ,探讨其部分免疫功能改变。方法　首先改进、完善脾气虚证模型的诊断标准和造模方法 ,然后观察其部分细胞免疫、非特异性免疫、红细胞免疫功能改变 ;同时与 5种目前有代表性的脾气 (阳 )虚证模型进行比较。动物采用WistarⅡ级大鼠 ,雄性 ,分为对照组、初步规范组、大黄组、耗气破气组、限量营养组、劳倦过度组和利血平组。初步规范组采用体质、苦寒泻下加耗气破气降气法造模 ,其他模型组采用相应常规方法造模。取样检测指标前进行游泳或寒冷负荷。结果　从胸腺湿重和指数 ,胸腺皮质厚度 ,脾脏中央动脉周围淋巴鞘直径 ,脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖功能 ,脾脏NK细胞对YAC 1肿瘤细胞杀伤率 ,脾脏巨噬细胞中性红吞噬活性等指标的改变看 ,初步规范组的造模结果与脾气虚证模型诊断标准有较高的符合率 ,包括自然恢复较慢 ,且与诊断标准的符合率明显优于目前 5种有代表性的脾气 (阳 )虚证模型。结论　本实验达到了初步优化、规范脾气虚证模型的目的。     

Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere

Northern mid-latitude forests are a large terrestrial carbon sink. Ignoring nutrient limitations, large increases in carbon sequestration from carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization are expected in these forests. Yet, forests are usually relegated to sites of moderate to poor fertility, where tree growth is often limited by nutrient supply, in particular nitrogen. Here we present evidence that estimates of increases in carbon sequestration of forests, which is expected to partially compensate for increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, are unduly optimistic. In two forest experiments on maturing pines exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2, the CO2-induced biomass carbon increment without added nutrients was undetectable at a nutritionally poor site, and the stimulation at a nutritionally moderate site was transient, stabilizing at a marginal gain after three years. However, a large synergistic gain from higher CO2 and nutrients was detected with nutrients added. This gain was even larger at the poor site (threefold higher than the expected additive effect) than at the moderate site (twofold higher). Thus, fertility can restrain the response of wood carbon sequestration to increased atmospheric CO2. Assessment of future carbon sequestration should consider the limitations imposed by soil fertility, as well as interactions with nitrogen deposition.     

How plants recognize pathogens and defend themselves

Plants have an innate immunity system to defend themselves against pathogens. With the primary immune system, plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of potential pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate a basal defense response. Plant pathogens suppress this basal defense response by means of effectors that enable them to cause disease. With the secondary immune system, plants have gained the ability to recognize effector-induced perturbations of host targets through resistance proteins (RPs) that mediate a strong local defense response that stops pathogen growth. Both primary and secondary immune responses in plants depend on germ line-encoded PRRs and RPs. During induction of local immune responses, systemic immune responses also become activated, which predispose plants to become more resistant to subsequent pathogen attacks. This review gives an update on recent findings that have enhanced our understanding of plant innate immunity and the arms race between plants and their pathogens. Received 24 June 2007; received after revision 18 July 2007; accepted 15 August 2007     

Mutations in the gene encoding the basal body protein RPGRIP1L, a nephrocystin-4 interactor, cause Joubert syndrome

Protein-protein interaction analyses have uncovered a ciliary and basal body protein network that, when disrupted, can result in nephronophthisis (NPHP), Leber congenital amaurosis, Senior-L?ken syndrome (SLSN) or Joubert syndrome (JBTS). However, details of the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders remain poorly understood. RPGRIP1-like protein (RPGRIP1L) is a homolog of RPGRIP1 (RPGR-interacting protein 1), a ciliary protein defective in Leber congenital amaurosis. We show that RPGRIP1L interacts with nephrocystin-4 and that mutations in the gene encoding nephrocystin-4 (NPHP4) that are known to cause SLSN disrupt this interaction. RPGRIP1L is ubiquitously expressed, and its protein product localizes to basal bodies. Therefore, we analyzed RPGRIP1L as a candidate gene for JBTS and identified loss-of-function mutations in three families with typical JBTS, including the characteristic mid-hindbrain malformation. This work identifies RPGRIP1L as a gene responsible for JBTS and establishes a central role for cilia and basal bodies in the pathophysiology of this disorder.