18世纪中国的养蚕歌和蚕庙的城市化

旨在通过对清代江南地区下层社会养蚕业的民间活动与宗教等案例的研究来考察民间宗教与技术知识的关系.该研究是对于16世纪到18世纪社会文化转变中,民间宗教对中国科技以及医学发展的影响的研究计划中的一个组成部分.首先着眼于农村养蚕业的民间宗教集会活动和宗庙如何成为文化、经济以及技术交流的中心及其如何连结同一地区中的各个社团、如何连结地方社会甚至超地方并进而形成一定的社会网系统这一问题.到了18世纪,随着养蚕业日益重要,地方绅士与小地方官为了控制民间养蚕活动,而在城市附近创建了越来越多的蚕神庙,并创立了各类相关仪式.最后分析了民间养蚕诗歌(通常被吟诵用以崇拜蚕神)如何在宗教精神的背景下来编排养蚕方面的经验甚至很多相关的技术知识这一问题.     

Oil Gels Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber

Four oil absorbents based on styrene butadiene (SBR), i.e., pure SBR (PS), 4. tert-butylstyrene-SBR (PBS), EPDM-SBR network (PES) and 4.tert-butylstyrene-EPDMSBR (PBES), were produced from crosslinking polymerization of uncured styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), 4-tert-butylstyrene (tBS) and ethylene-propylenc-diene terpolymer (EPDM). The reaction took place in toluene using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. Uncured SBR was used as both a pre-polymer and a crosslink agent in this work, and the crosslinked polymer was identified by IR spectroscopy. The oil absorbency of the crosslinked polymer was evaluated with the method ASTM (F726-81). The order of maximum oil absorbency was PBES>PBS>PES>PS. The maximum values of oil absorbency of PBES and PBS were 74.0g/g and 69.5g/g, respectively. Gel fractions and swelling kinetic constants, however, had the opposite sequences. The swelling kinetic constant of PS evaluated by an experimental equation was 49. 97×10~(-2)h~(-1).     

Twenty-first-century warming of a large Antarctic ice-shelf cavity by a redirected coastal current

The Antarctic ice sheet loses mass at its fringes bordering the Southern Ocean. At this boundary, warm circumpolar water can override the continental slope front, reaching the grounding line through submarine glacial troughs and causing high rates of melting at the deep ice-shelf bases. The interplay between ocean currents and continental bathymetry is therefore likely to influence future rates of ice-mass loss. Here we show that a redirection of the coastal current into the Filchner Trough and underneath the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf during the second half of the twenty-first century would lead to increased movement of warm waters into the deep southern ice-shelf cavity. Water temperatures in the cavity would increase by more than 2 degrees Celsius and boost average basal melting from 0.2 metres, or 82 billion tonnes, per year to almost 4 metres, or 1,600 billion tonnes, per year. Our results, which are based on the output of a coupled ice-ocean model forced by a range of atmospheric outputs from the HadCM3 climate model, suggest that the changes would be caused primarily by an increase in ocean surface stress in the southeastern Weddell Sea due to thinning of the formerly consolidated sea-ice cover. The projected ice loss at the base of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf represents 80 per cent of the present Antarctic surface mass balance. Thus, the quantification of basal mass loss under changing climate conditions is important for projections regarding the dynamics of Antarctic ice streams and ice shelves, and global sea level rise.     

Synthesis and Electrochemical Studies on LiCoVO_4 Surface Modified with La_2O_3 for Lithium-ion Cells

1 Results An inverse spinel LiCoVO4 cathode material was synthesized by a citric acid-urea polymeric method, calcined at 773 K for 5 h. The synthesized LiCoVO4 sample was surface modified with various wt.% of La2O3 by a polymeric process, calcined at 873 K for 2 h. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM techniques. XRD patterns exposed that single-phase crystallinity occurred when they were heated at 773 K for 5 h in air. For the La2O3 coated samples, there was no evident signal corre...     

竹浆纤维再回收利用及纸张强度改善

 研究了竹浆纤维的循环再利用及超声波处理对竹浆纤维和纸张特性的影响;评价了竹浆纸张的密度、抗张强度等特性,探讨了单纤维强度和纸张纤维间结合力的关系。结果表明,竹浆纸张的密度和抗张强度随着循环再利用次数的增加而降低,超声波处理纸浆纤维提高了纸张的抗张强度。Page理论表明,纸张抗张强度的提高主要是由于超声波处理增强了纸张内部的纤维间结合力。光学显微镜结果显示,超声波处理通过切断纤维、润胀纤维、细纤维化纤维的作用,有效改善了纸张的强度。研究表明,纸张的循环再利用会降低竹浆的保水值,而利用超声波处理可以有效提高纸浆的保水性能,改善纸张的抗张强度。     

Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak

Genealogy can illuminate the evolutionary path of important human pathogens. In some microbes, strict clonal reproduction predominates, as with the worldwide dissemination of Mycobacterium leprae, the cause of leprosy. In other pathogens, sexual reproduction yields clones with novel attributes, for example, enabling the efficient, oral transmission of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. However, the roles of clonal or sexual propagation in the origins of many other microbial pathogen outbreaks remain unknown, like the recent fungal meningoencephalitis outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada, caused by Cryptococcus gattii. Here we show that the C. gattii outbreak isolates comprise two distinct genotypes. The majority of isolates are hypervirulent and have an identical genotype that is unique to the Pacific Northwest. A minority of the isolates are significantly less virulent and share an identical genotype with fertile isolates from an Australian recombining population. Genotypic analysis reveals evidence of sexual reproduction, in which the majority genotype is the predicted offspring. However, instead of the classic a-alpha sexual cycle, the majority outbreak clone appears to have descended from two alpha mating-type parents. Analysis of nuclear content revealed a diploid environmental isolate homozygous for the major genotype, an intermediate produced during same-sex mating. These studies demonstrate how cryptic same-sex reproduction can enable expansion of a human pathogen to a new geographical niche and contribute to the ongoing production of infectious spores. This has implications for the emergence of other microbial pathogens and inbreeding in host range expansion in the fungal and other kingdoms.     

基于模糊理论的机械系统模糊可靠性数字仿真

论文基于模糊集合的交集与并集算子，给出了机械串联系统与并联系统的模糊可靠性数字仿真模型；讨论了模糊安全事件的隶属函数的建立方法，主要研究了基于模糊概率理论，从模糊强度的隶属函数获得模糊安全事件的隶属函数的方法，为确定机械系统模糊安全事件的隶属度提供了依据，使对复杂机械系统的模糊可靠性分析成为可能。算例表明了文中所讨论的方法的可行性。