全文获取类型
收费全文 | 50897篇 |
免费 | 252篇 |
国内免费 | 541篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 1220篇 |
丛书文集 | 122篇 |
教育与普及 | 280篇 |
理论与方法论 | 514篇 |
现状及发展 | 30486篇 |
研究方法 | 525篇 |
综合类 | 16354篇 |
自然研究 | 2189篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 799篇 |
2012年 | 513篇 |
2011年 | 2524篇 |
2009年 | 605篇 |
2008年 | 706篇 |
2007年 | 795篇 |
2006年 | 891篇 |
2005年 | 1064篇 |
2004年 | 2191篇 |
2003年 | 1800篇 |
2002年 | 1479篇 |
2001年 | 1287篇 |
2000年 | 830篇 |
1999年 | 909篇 |
1998年 | 645篇 |
1997年 | 775篇 |
1996年 | 528篇 |
1994年 | 682篇 |
1993年 | 691篇 |
1992年 | 843篇 |
1991年 | 738篇 |
1990年 | 821篇 |
1989年 | 614篇 |
1988年 | 592篇 |
1987年 | 575篇 |
1986年 | 681篇 |
1985年 | 825篇 |
1984年 | 734篇 |
1983年 | 635篇 |
1982年 | 769篇 |
1981年 | 795篇 |
1980年 | 876篇 |
1979年 | 1249篇 |
1978年 | 1150篇 |
1977年 | 1123篇 |
1976年 | 1012篇 |
1975年 | 991篇 |
1974年 | 760篇 |
1973年 | 1049篇 |
1972年 | 1135篇 |
1971年 | 1107篇 |
1970年 | 1143篇 |
1969年 | 1057篇 |
1968年 | 1034篇 |
1967年 | 875篇 |
1966年 | 762篇 |
1965年 | 626篇 |
1964年 | 465篇 |
1963年 | 414篇 |
1958年 | 435篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
161.
量子力学是当前物理学及其相关科学的重要科学分支,也是当前许多新科学技术中的重要应用的基础。本书包含了现代新科学技术工程师所需要的量子力学方面的新材料,如研究和了解原子核、原子、分子和固体材料,以及激光器和其他量子光学器件所需要的科学资料等。 相似文献
162.
R.E. Kastner 《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics》2005,36(4):649-658
A modified version of Young's experiment by Shahriar Afshar demonstrates that, prior to what appears to be a “which-way” measurement, an interference pattern exists. Afshar has claimed that this result constitutes a violation of the Principle of Complementarity. This paper discusses the implications of this experiment and considers how Cramer's Transactional Interpretation easily accommodates the result. It is also shown that the Afshar experiment is analogous in key respects to a spin one-half particle prepared as “spin up along x”, subjected to a nondestructive confirmation of that preparation, and post-selected in a specific state of spin along z. The terminology “which-way” or “which-slit” is critiqued; it is argued that this usage by both Afshar and his critics is misleading and has contributed to confusion surrounding the interpretation of the experiment. Nevertheless, it is concluded that Bohr would have had no more problem accounting for the Afshar result than he would in accounting for the aforementioned pre- and post-selection spin experiment, in which the particle's preparation state is confirmed by a nondestructive measurement prior to post-selection. In addition, some new inferences about the interpretation of delayed choice experiments are drawn from the analysis. 相似文献
163.
164.
The fecundity of the blood-feeding insect,Rhodnius prolixus, was observed to increase in successive periods of egg production, each period being triggered by a single large blood meal. As previously published, the fecundity of mated animals was significantly higher than that of unmated animals for the first period of egg production. For a second period of egg production, fecundity increased significantly in both mated and unmated animals. By the fourth period, fecundity had returned to first-feed values for mated animals, but remained high for unmated animals, and the fecundity of mated and unmated animals was not significantly different. Thus, during successive periods of egg production, the processes which maintain fecundity of unmated animals below that of mated animals are overcome. 相似文献
165.
Induction of hemopoietic chimerism in the caprine fetus by intraperitoneal injection of fetal liver cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. D. Pearce D. Kiehm D. T. Armstrong P. B. Little J. W. Callahan L. R. Klunder J. T. R. Clarke 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(3):307-308
Summary Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic liver cells from 43-day-old male fetuses into normal 60-day female goat fetuses resulted in persistent hemopoietic chimerism in surviving recipients without clinical evidence of graft-versus-host disease. Transplantation of normal fetal liver cells into preimmunocompetent goat fetuses affected with -D-mannosidosis may provide an alternative strategy for evaluating hemopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of human lysosomal storage diseases. 相似文献
166.
P. Levy G. Cherqui A. Robert D. Wicek J. Picard 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(6):588-591
Summary During the spontaneous differentiation (day 5 to day 15 of the culture) of Caco-2 cells, the sulfation of cell layer glycosaminoglycans increased, whereas protein kinase C activity was concomitantly redistributed from the membrane to the cytosol. The protein kinase C activators, 4-phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate and 1,2-dioctanoyl-glycerol inhibited glycosaminoglycan sulfation. By contrast, 4-phorbol 12, 13 didecanoate was ineffective.These results suggest that membrane-bound PKC may exert a modulatory effect on glycosaminoglycan sulfation, and this effect is gradually attenuated as Caco-2 cell differentiation progresses. 相似文献
167.
Summary Calcium is released from the isolated heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of frog skeletal muscle upon application of 0.1–1 mM diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP, an imidazolyl reagent). The Ca-ATPase activity of SR was suppressed by 20% in the presence of 1 mM DEP. More than 1 mM of free magnesium ion or 5 M ruthenium red eliminated the effect of DEP on calcium release but not on Ca-ATPase activity. A plausible site of DEP action is on the calcium channel. 相似文献
168.
H. -P. Lipp H. Schwegler W. E. Crusio D. P. Wolfer M. -C. Leisinger-Trigona B. Heimrich P. Driscoll 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(9):845-859
Summary Genetically-defined rodent strains permit the identification of hippocampal traits which are of functional relevance for the performance of two-way avoidance behavior. This is exemplified here by analyzing the relationship between infrapyramidal mossy fibers (a tiny projection terminating upon the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons) and two-way avoidance learning in about 800 animals. The necessary steps include 1) identification of structural traits sensitive to selective breeding for extremes in two-way avoidance, 2) testing the robustness of the associations found by studying individual and genetical correlations between hippocampal traits and behavior, 3) establishing causal relationships by Mendelian crossing of strains with extreme structural traits and studying the behavioral consequences of such structural randomization, 4) confirming causal relationships by manipulating the structural variable in inbred (isogenic) strains, thereby eliminating the possibility of genetic linkage, and 5) ruling out the possibility of spurious associations by studying the correlations between the hippocampal trait and other behaviors known to depend on hippocampal functioning.In comparison with the classical lesion approach for identifying relationships between brain and behavior, the present procedure appears to be superior in two aspects: it is non-invasive, and it focuses automatically on those brain traits which are used by natural selection to shape behaviorally-defined animal populations, i.e., it reveals the natural regulators of behavior. 相似文献
169.
C. Gianoulakis 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(5):428-435
Summary Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are serious health problems. Alcohol is known to influence the activity of a number of biological systems, for example the hormonal and neuronal systems. One of the biological systems whose activity is greatly influenced by alcohol is the endogenous opiate system. Alcohol modifies the function of both opiate receptors and opioid peptides. In fact it has been proposed that many of the effects of ethanol are mediated by its effects on the endogenous opiate system. This review will present results from various laboratories on the effects of acute and chronic ethanol treatments on various species, and on the release, biosynthesis and post-translational processing of the endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins, the three known families of endogenous opioid peptides. Furthermore, the effect of acute and chronic ethanol consumption on the -endorphin system in man, and the possible implications of the functional activity of the endogenous opiate system for the genetic predisposition to alcoholism will be discussed. 相似文献
170.
T. Hatano Y. Kato M. Katayama S. Marumo 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1989,45(4):400-402
Summary A new potent antiauxin, -(5,7-dichloroindole-3-)isobutyric acid has been synthesized and shown to inhibit auxin-mediated elongation ofAvena coleoptiles and to stimulate root growth of rice seedlings. Its activity is stronger than -(p-chlorophenoxy)isobutyric acid and is comparable to that of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, which are typical antiauxins. 相似文献