首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   10242篇
  免费   25篇
  国内免费   38篇
系统科学   32篇
丛书文集   48篇
教育与普及   30篇
理论与方法论   24篇
现状及发展   3986篇
研究方法   525篇
综合类   5492篇
自然研究   168篇
  2012年   152篇
  2011年   327篇
  2010年   61篇
  2009年   55篇
  2008年   171篇
  2007年   210篇
  2006年   193篇
  2005年   217篇
  2004年   211篇
  2003年   192篇
  2002年   207篇
  2001年   429篇
  2000年   437篇
  1999年   294篇
  1996年   52篇
  1994年   269篇
  1992年   258篇
  1991年   202篇
  1990年   230篇
  1989年   192篇
  1988年   185篇
  1987年   190篇
  1986年   201篇
  1985年   265篇
  1984年   201篇
  1983年   163篇
  1982年   136篇
  1981年   140篇
  1980年   146篇
  1979年   327篇
  1978年   265篇
  1977年   217篇
  1976年   191篇
  1975年   196篇
  1974年   206篇
  1973年   176篇
  1972年   206篇
  1971年   245篇
  1970年   303篇
  1969年   231篇
  1968年   226篇
  1967年   194篇
  1966年   223篇
  1965年   149篇
  1959年   75篇
  1958年   123篇
  1957年   81篇
  1956年   58篇
  1954年   62篇
  1948年   57篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
The maximum consumption of the larvae of the pest and vector mosquitoCulex quinquefasciatus by the predatory mosquitoCulex (Lutzia) raptor was studied at various instars of both the predator and the prey. The prey preferences of the predator when given lavae of different instars were also investigated. The IVth instar of the predator consumed the maximum number of Ist instar and the maximum biomass of IVth instar larvae of the prey. Instars I and II of the predator preferred the Ist of the prey; instars III and IV of the predator preferred instars II and III of the prey respectively.The predator consumed an average of 157.1 larvae during its whole larval period, when each instar of the predator was given its preferred instar of the prey.  相似文献   
72.
对机械合金化制备的Fe-Ni粉体利用X射线衍射(XRD)进行分析,得到了不同Ni含量和不同球磨时间Fe-Ni纳米晶的XRD谱.实验表明,w(Ni)=10%和20%时,Ni溶入Fe晶格,分别在球磨20h和50h后形成单一的a(bcc)相;w(Ni)=50%时,其先后经历了γ(fcc)→←a(bcc)正逆转变,在球磨120h后最终形成单一γ(fcc)相.无论是a(bcc)相还是γ(fcc)相.它们的固溶度均比块体Fe-Ni合金显著提高.w(Ni)=35%时,则始终是两相共存.对试样的XRD谱采用3种不同的方法测定了Fe-Ni粉体的晶粒尺寸和显微畸变,发现经球磨20h后,不同Ni含量的粉体均呈纳米结构,并随球磨时间延长,Fe-Ni纳米晶的晶粒尺寸下降而显微畸变上升.  相似文献   
73.
Microarray analysis has become a widely used tool for the generation of gene expression data on a genomic scale. Although many significant results have been derived from microarray studies, one limitation has been the lack of standards for presenting and exchanging such data. Here we present a proposal, the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME), that describes the minimum information required to ensure that microarray data can be easily interpreted and that results derived from its analysis can be independently verified. The ultimate goal of this work is to establish a standard for recording and reporting microarray-based gene expression data, which will in turn facilitate the establishment of databases and public repositories and enable the development of data analysis tools. With respect to MIAME, we concentrate on defining the content and structure of the necessary information rather than the technical format for capturing it.  相似文献   
74.
Nuclear transfer into mouse zygotes   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
  相似文献   
75.
76.
Host genetics has an important role in leprosy, and variants in the shared promoter region of PARK2 and PACRG were the first major susceptibility factors identified by positional cloning. Here we report the linkage disequilibrium mapping of the second linkage peak of our previous genome-wide scan, located close to the HLA complex. In both a Vietnamese familial sample and an Indian case-control sample, the low-producing lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA)+80 A allele was significantly associated with an increase in leprosy risk (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01, respectively). Analysis of an additional case-control sample from Brazil and an additional familial sample from Vietnam showed that the LTA+80 effect was much stronger in young individuals. In the combined sample of 298 Vietnamese familial trios, the odds ratio of leprosy for LTA+80 AA/AC versus CC subjects was 2.11 (P = 0.000024), which increased to 5.63 (P = 0.0000004) in the subsample of 121 trios of affected individuals diagnosed before 16 years of age. In addition to identifying LTA as a major gene associated with early-onset leprosy, our study highlights the critical role of case- and population-specific factors in the dissection of susceptibility variants in complex diseases.  相似文献   
77.
Germline gain-of-function mutations in SOS1 cause Noonan syndrome   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Noonan syndrome, the most common single-gene cause of congenital heart disease, is characterized by short stature, characteristic facies, learning problems and leukemia predisposition. Gain-of-function mutations in PTPN11, encoding the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, cause approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome cases. SHP2 is required for RAS-ERK MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade activation, and Noonan syndrome mutants enhance ERK activation ex vivo and in mice. KRAS mutations account for <5% of cases of Noonan syndrome, but the gene(s) responsible for the remainder are unknown. We identified missense mutations in SOS1, which encodes an essential RAS guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (RAS-GEF), in approximately 20% of cases of Noonan syndrome without PTPN11 mutation. The prevalence of specific cardiac defects differs in SOS1 mutation-associated Noonan syndrome. Noonan syndrome-associated SOS1 mutations are hypermorphs encoding products that enhance RAS and ERK activation. Our results identify SOS1 mutants as a major cause of Noonan syndrome, representing the first example of activating GEF mutations associated with human disease and providing new insights into RAS-GEF regulation.  相似文献   
78.
Recombination and linkage disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a major aspect of the organization of genetic variation in natural populations. Here we describe the genome-wide pattern of LD in a sample of 19 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions using 341,602 non-singleton SNPs. LD decays within 10 kb on average, considerably faster than previously estimated. Tag SNP selection algorithms and 'hide-the-SNP' simulations suggest that genome-wide association mapping will require only 40%-50% of the observed SNPs, a reduction similar to estimates in a sample of African Americans. An Affymetrix genotyping array containing 250,000 SNPs has been designed based on these results; we demonstrate that it should have more than adequate coverage for genome-wide association mapping. The extent of LD is highly variable, and we find clear evidence of recombination hotspots, which seem to occur preferentially in intergenic regions. LD also reflects the action of selection, and it is more extensive between nonsynonymous polymorphisms than between synonymous polymorphisms.  相似文献   
79.
Protein-protein interaction analyses have uncovered a ciliary and basal body protein network that, when disrupted, can result in nephronophthisis (NPHP), Leber congenital amaurosis, Senior-L?ken syndrome (SLSN) or Joubert syndrome (JBTS). However, details of the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders remain poorly understood. RPGRIP1-like protein (RPGRIP1L) is a homolog of RPGRIP1 (RPGR-interacting protein 1), a ciliary protein defective in Leber congenital amaurosis. We show that RPGRIP1L interacts with nephrocystin-4 and that mutations in the gene encoding nephrocystin-4 (NPHP4) that are known to cause SLSN disrupt this interaction. RPGRIP1L is ubiquitously expressed, and its protein product localizes to basal bodies. Therefore, we analyzed RPGRIP1L as a candidate gene for JBTS and identified loss-of-function mutations in three families with typical JBTS, including the characteristic mid-hindbrain malformation. This work identifies RPGRIP1L as a gene responsible for JBTS and establishes a central role for cilia and basal bodies in the pathophysiology of this disorder.  相似文献   
80.
We tested 310,605 SNPs for association in 778 individuals with celiac disease and 1,422 controls. Outside the HLA region, the most significant finding (rs13119723; P = 2.0 x 10(-7)) was in the KIAA1109-TENR-IL2-IL21 linkage disequilibrium block. We independently confirmed association in two further collections (strongest association at rs6822844, 24 kb 5' of IL21; meta-analysis P = 1.3 x 10(-14), odds ratio = 0.63), suggesting that genetic variation in this region predisposes to celiac disease.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号