The central dusty torus in the active nucleus of NGC 1068

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) display many energetic phenomena--broad emission lines, X-rays, relativistic jets, radio lobes--originating from matter falling onto a supermassive black hole. It is widely accepted that orientation effects play a major role in explaining the observational appearance of AGNs. Seen from certain directions, circum-nuclear dust clouds would block our view of the central powerhouse. Indirect evidence suggests that the dust clouds form a parsec-sized torus-shaped distribution. This explanation, however, remains unproved, as even the largest telescopes have not been able to resolve the dust structures. Here we report interferometric mid-infrared observations that spatially resolve these structures in the galaxy NGC 1068. The observations reveal warm (320 K) dust in a structure 2.1 parsec thick and 3.4 parsec in diameter, surrounding a smaller hot structure. As such a configuration of dust clouds would collapse in a time much shorter than the active phase of the AGN, this observation requires a continual input of kinetic energy to the cloud system from a source coexistent with the AGN.     

A biogenetic scheme for gentianine

Zusammenfassung Für die Biogenese des Gentianins wird ein plausibles Reaktionsschema vorgeschlagen.     

Quantitative evidence for the two-gradient hypothesis in the primary induction

Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung quantitativer Unterschiede induzierender Agenzien wurde untersucht. HeLa-Zellen, mit und ohne Wärmebehandlung, wurden in zwei verschiedenen Proportionen (4:1 bzw. 1:4) gemischt und als Induktor in Epidermisexplantaten des Molchkeimes benutzt. Das Resultat (Fig.) zeigt, dass der Induktor, der mehr Zellen ohne Wärmebehandlung enthält, mehr mesodermale, aber auch mehr deuterencephale Gebilde induziert. Das Resultat wird mit der Zwei-Gradienten-Hypothese der induzierenden Agenzien erklärt.

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The investigation was supported by research grants from the Finnish State and the Sigrid Juselius Fund.