The effect of shock on blood oxidation-reduction potential.

Oxidation-reduction (redox) potential measurements were made in the blood of rabbits subjected to hemorrhagic shock followed by treatment with a mild oxidizing agent (albumin). Control redox potential reading corrected for pH was -8.8 +/- 1.3 millivolts (mV) in arterial blood (A) and -18.0 +/- 2.0 mV in venous blood (V). This A-V difference indicated that hydrogen equivalents coming from muscle and other tissues were partially consumed in the lungs. A 20-mV drop on the V and a 13 mV on the A side was seen after shock. This did not fully return to control 2 h after return of the shed blood. Infusion of 2 g of albumin/kg/h raised the V redox potential to control, but it returned to untreated levels when the albumin was discontinued. The reductive load imposed on the animal by shock appeared to be large and not readily reversed by reperfusion or by the quantity of albumin given. Thus, it may be concluded that cellular respiration had not been adequately restored. This reductive load may impede recovery by suppression of cellular respiration and other cell and organ functions.     

Evidence that the serological determinant of H-Y antigen is carbohydrate

The histocompatibility-Y (H-Y) antigen is a minor histocompatibility antigen which has been detected on cell surfaces from the heterogametic sexes of mammalian, bird, amphibian, teleost and invertebrate species. H-Y is thought to be a male-determining substance in mammals because of its almost perfect correlation with maleness among a variety of mammalian species. To characterize the molecular determinant responsible for H-Y specific serological activity, H-Y positive immunoabsorbent cells were first subjected to various treatments which alter protein or carbohydrate structure and then tested for their ability to absorb H-Y antisera. We present here evidence that the serological determinant of H-Y antigen is carbohydrate.     

Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome

Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (FASPS) is a human behavioural phenotype characterized by early sleep times and early-morning awakening. It was the first human, mendelian circadian rhythm variant to be well-characterized, and was shown to result from a mutation in a phosphorylation site within the casein kinase I (CKI)-binding domain of the human PER2 gene. To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation in humans, we set out to identify mutations in human subjects leading to FASPS. We report here the identification of a missense mutation (T44A) in the human CKIdelta gene, which results in FASPS. This mutant kinase has decreased enzymatic activity in vitro. Transgenic Drosophila carrying the human CKIdelta-T44A gene showed a phenotype with lengthened circadian period. In contrast, transgenic mice carrying the same mutation have a shorter circadian period, a phenotype mimicking human FASPS. These results show that CKIdelta is a central component in the mammalian clock, and suggest that mammalian and fly clocks might have different regulatory mechanisms despite the highly conserved nature of their individual components.     

The distribution of lead in human deciduous teeth

Résumé Douze dents de lait d'enfants citadins, dont deux ayant une intoxication saturnine reconnue, ont été examinées par un microanalyseur à sonde électronique. On a retrouvé du plomb dans toutes les dents, avant tout à la périférie des zones hypominéralisées; mais pas à la surface de l'émail. Les résultats suggèrent que le plomb est incorporé dans la dent pendant la formation de la matrice et sa minéralisation, ainsi que durant la formation de la racine et du dépot de dentine secondaire.     

人类乙型肝炎样病毒Pre—S1包膜蛋白的一个特定区域为乙肝病毒形成所必需

土拨鼠肝炎病毒（WHV）是一种哺乳类动物的肝炎病毒．这种病毒在结构和抗原怕与人类乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）非常相似．以往的研究报告指出,在一种称为鸭乙型肝炎病毒（DHBV）的Pre－S包膜蛋白中,含有一个特定区域．这一区域由天冬氨酸－天冬氨酸－脯氨酸－亮氨酸－亮氨酸（DDPLL）5个氨基酸残基所组成．已发现,这一区域在像DHBV这一类禽类乙肝病毒的病毒装配和分泌时所必需的（LenhoffR,SummersJ．JVirol,1994,68：4565～4571）．在WHV的Pre－S包胰蛋白中第201个氨基酸到第205个氨基酸所包含的顺序,甘氨酸－天冬氨酸－脯氨…     

Cellular uptake of amelogenin,and its localization to CD63, and Lamp1-positive vesicles

Proteins of the developing enamel matrix include amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin. Of these three proteins amelogenin predominates. Protein-protein interactions are likely to occur at the ameloblast Tomes’ processes between membrane-bound proteins and secreted enamel matrix proteins. Such protein-protein interactions could be associated with cell signaling or endocytosis. CD63 and Lamp1 are ubiquitously expressed, are lysosomal integral membrane proteins, and localize to the plasma membrane. CD63 and Lamp1 interact with amelogenin in vitro. In this study our objective was to study the molecular events of intercellular trafficking of an exogenous source of amelogenin, and related this movement to the spatiotemporal expression of CD63 and Lamp1 using various cell lineages. Exogenously added amelogenin moves rapidly into the cell into established Lamp1-positive vesicles that subsequently localize to the perinuclear region. These data indicate a possible mechanism by which amelogenin, or degraded amelogenin peptides, are removed from the extracellular matrix during enamel formation and maturation. Received 27 September 2006; received after revision 24 November 2006; accepted 5 December 2006     

Reduction redux

Putnam's criticisms of the identity theory attack a straw man. Fodor's criticisms of reduction attack a straw man. Properly interpreted, Nagel offered a conception of reduction that captures everything a physicalist could want. I update Nagel, introducing the idea of overlap, and show why multiple realization poses no challenge to reduction so construed.