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71.
STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING FOR IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: COALITIONS AND ATTITUDES 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
The utilization of decision support systems which are flexible enough to handle information about cooperative behavior and
stakeholder attitudes are useful for analyzing complex social conflicts. One such conflict which arose from the redevelopment
of a private brownfield property in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada is examined using such a decision support tool. Specifically,
a formal model referred to as COAT which allows for the examination of conflicts with both coalition and attitude properties
is rigorously defined and then implemented within the framework of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution in order that insights
may be gained on how the decision makers can reach win-win resolutions. 相似文献
72.
Lawrence R. Gray Sean C. Tompkins Eric B. Taylor 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2014,71(14):2577-2604
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health. 相似文献
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74.
This paper examines therelationship between industry and academia withregard to pharmaceutical research. Thecontinuous technological flux in researchpresents challenges to industry in obtainingadequately prepared scientists withoutinterfering in or disrupting a youngscientists' academic preparation. We presentour recommendations concerning the kinds ofskills required by changing technology andobserve the increasingly collaborativerelationship between academia and industry. Wesuggest the need for broader education forPh.D. and post-graduate students, inducing inthem transferable and productive skills for arapidly changing market. These skills,typically acquired in the liberal arts, wouldprovide young scientists with an awareness oftheir position in the process of scientificdiscovery process. Such scientists will bebetter prepared for making discoveries inscience, as discovery is less the result of anindividual's effort and more the result ofconcerted team efforts. 相似文献
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76.
Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Molofsky AV Slutsky SG Joseph NM He S Pardal R Krishnamurthy J Sharpless NE Morrison SJ 《Nature》2006,443(7110):448-452
Mammalian ageing is associated with reduced regenerative capacity in tissues that contain stem cells. It has been proposed that this is at least partially caused by the senescence of progenitors with age; however, it has not yet been tested whether genes associated with senescence functionally contribute to physiological declines in progenitor activity. Here we show that progenitor proliferation in the subventricular zone and neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb, as well as multipotent progenitor frequency and self-renewal potential, all decline with age in the mouse forebrain. These declines in progenitor frequency and function correlate with increased expression of p16INK4a, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor linked to senescence. Ageing p16INK4a-deficient mice showed a significantly smaller decline in subventricular zone proliferation, olfactory bulb neurogenesis, and the frequency and self-renewal potential of multipotent progenitors. p16INK4a deficiency did not detectably affect progenitor function in the dentate gyrus or enteric nervous system, indicating regional differences in the response of neural progenitors to increased p16INK4a expression during ageing. Declining subventricular zone progenitor function and olfactory bulb neurogenesis during ageing are thus caused partly by increasing p16INK4a expression. 相似文献
77.
A recent tsunami and an apparent increase in the frequency of severe tropical storms underscore the need to understand and predict the ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances. Reef corals provide the habitat structure that sustains the high biodiversity of tropical reefs, and thus provide the foundation for the ecosystem goods and services that are critical to many tropical societies. Here we integrate predictions from oceanographic models with engineering theory, to predict the dislodgement of benthic reef corals during hydrodynamic disturbances. This generalizes earlier work, by incorporating colonies of any shape and by explicitly examining the effects of hydrodynamic gradients on coral assemblage structure. A field test shows that this model accurately predicts changes in the mechanical vulnerability of coral colonies, and thus their size and shape, with distance from the reef crest. This work provides a general framework for understanding and predicting the effects of hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reef communities; such disturbances have a major role in determining species zonation and coexistence on coral reefs, and are critical determinants of how coral assemblages will respond to changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms associated with a changing climate. 相似文献
78.
WF Laurance DC Useche J Rendeiro M Kalka CJ Bradshaw SP Sloan SG Laurance M Campbell K Abernethy P Alvarez V Arroyo-Rodriguez P Ashton J Benítez-Malvido A Blom KS Bobo CH Cannon M Cao R Carroll C Chapman R Coates M Cords F Danielsen B De Dijn E Dinerstein MA Donnelly D Edwards F Edwards N Farwig P Fashing PM Forget M Foster G Gale D Harris R Harrison J Hart S Karpanty WJ Kress J Krishnaswamy W Logsdon J Lovett W Magnusson F Maisels AR Marshall D McClearn D Mudappa MR Nielsen R Pearson N Pitman 《Nature》2012,489(7415):290-294
The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines. 相似文献
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80.
The Viable Systems Model Applied to a National System of Innovation to Inform Policy Development 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper outlines how the viable systems model (VSM) can provide insights into a National System of Innovation by focussing
on the necessary variety needed to match the system's changing external environment. Because an innovation system is more
diffuse than a firm, the VSM needs to be described within an ‘ecological’ metaphor. This approach gives insights into the
system's learning processes, showing that there can be a trade-off between variety and control for the system to maintain
a fixed level of viability. Furthermore, for many innovation systemsthe coordination is ‘soft’; taking place through markets,
through Government directions, and through relationships embodied in clusters, unions or industry groups, etc.Governments
generally can only manage the system indirectly by facilitating the generation of the necessary variety, influencing strategic
directions, filling gaps in the system and encouraging coordination.
Societal or cultural innovations, such as new forms of citizen participation in decision-making, may well improve the viability
of an innovation system. However, if these innovations are pursued for societal rather than economic purposes, they fall outside
the usual definition of innovation within an NSI. 相似文献