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101.
Silk JB Brosnan SF Vonk J Henrich J Povinelli DJ Richardson AS Lambeth SP Mascaro J Schapiro SJ 《Nature》2005,437(7063):1357-1359
Humans are an unusually prosocial species-we vote, give blood, recycle, give tithes and punish violators of social norms. Experimental evidence indicates that people willingly incur costs to help strangers in anonymous one-shot interactions, and that altruistic behaviour is motivated, at least in part, by empathy and concern for the welfare of others (hereafter referred to as other-regarding preferences). In contrast, cooperative behaviour in non-human primates is mainly limited to kin and reciprocating partners, and is virtually never extended to unfamiliar individuals. Here we present experimental tests of the existence of other-regarding preferences in non-human primates, and show that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not take advantage of opportunities to deliver benefits to familiar individuals at no material cost to themselves, suggesting that chimpanzee behaviour is not motivated by other-regarding preferences. Chimpanzees are among the primates most likely to demonstrate prosocial behaviours. They participate in a variety of collective activities, including territorial patrols, coalitionary aggression, cooperative hunting, food sharing and joint mate guarding. Consolation of victims of aggression and anecdotal accounts of solicitous treatment of injured individuals suggest that chimpanzees may feel empathy. Chimpanzees sometimes reject exchanges in which they receive less valuable rewards than others, which may be one element of a 'sense of fairness', but there is no evidence that they are averse to interactions in which they benefit more than others. 相似文献
102.
103.
Sarah F. Grappel 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1971,27(3):329-330
Zusammenfassung Ein Stickstoff-freies Polysaccharid bewirkt eine cutane Überempfindlichkeit beim Meerschweinchen sowie Komplement fixierende Antikörper bei Mäusen. 相似文献
104.
Glucose transporter recycling in response to insulin is facilitated by myosin Myo1c 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
Bose A Guilherme A Robida SI Nicoloro SM Zhou QL Jiang ZY Pomerleau DP Czech MP 《Nature》2002,420(6917):821-824
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and adipocytes by signalling the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters from intracellular membranes to the cell surface. The translocation of GLUT4 may involve signalling pathways that are both independent of and dependent on phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K). This translocation also requires the actin cytoskeleton, and the rapid movement of GLUT4 along linear tracks may be mediated by molecular motors. Here we report that the unconventional myosin Myo1c is present in GLUT4-containing vesicles purified from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Myo1c, which contains a motor domain, three IQ motifs and a carboxy-terminal cargo domain, is highly expressed in primary and cultured adipocytes. Insulin enhances the localization of Myo1c with GLUT4 in cortical tubulovesicular structures associated with actin filaments, and this colocalization is insensitive to wortmannin. Insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 to the adipocyte plasma membrane is augmented by the expression of wild-type Myo1c and inhibited by a dominant-negative cargo domain of Myo1c. A decrease in the expression of endogenous Myo1c mediated by small interfering RNAs inhibits insulin-stimulated uptake of 2-deoxyglucose. Thus, myosin Myo1c functions in a PI(3)K-independent insulin signalling pathway that controls the movement of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane. 相似文献
105.
106.
Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaplinsky N Braun D Lisch D Hay A Hake S Freeling M 《Nature》2002,416(6881):601-2; discussion 600, 602
Quist and Chapela's conclusion that the transgenes they claim to have detected in native maize in Oaxaca, Mexico, are predominantly reassorted and inserted into a "diversity of genomic contexts" seems to be based on an artefact arising from the inverse polymerase chain reaction (i-PCR) they used to amplify sequences flanking 35S transgenes from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). 相似文献
107.
Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium;Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium Sawcer S Hellenthal G Pirinen M Spencer CC Patsopoulos NA Moutsianas L Dilthey A Su Z Freeman C Hunt SE Edkins S Gray E Booth DR Potter SC Goris A Band G Oturai AB Strange A Saarela J Bellenguez C Fontaine B Gillman M Hemmer B Gwilliam R Zipp F Jayakumar A Martin R Leslie S Hawkins S Giannoulatou E D'alfonso S Blackburn H Martinelli Boneschi F Liddle J Harbo HF Perez ML Spurkland A Waller MJ Mycko MP 《Nature》2011,476(7359):214-219
Multiple sclerosis is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals, and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk. Modestly powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects have a key role in disease susceptibility. Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9,772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the HLA-DRB1 risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the HLA-A gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented among those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T-helper-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. 相似文献
108.
109.
Madhusudhan N Harrington J Stevenson KB Nymeyer S Campo CJ Wheatley PJ Deming D Blecic J Hardy RA Lust NB Anderson DR Collier-Cameron A Britt CB Bowman WC Hebb L Hellier C Maxted PF Pollacco D West RG 《Nature》2011,469(7328):64-67
The carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) in a planet provides critical information about its primordial origins and subsequent evolution. A primordial C/O greater than 0.8 causes a carbide-dominated interior, as opposed to the silicate-dominated composition found on Earth; the atmosphere can also differ from those in the Solar System. The solar C/O is 0.54 (ref. 3). Here we report an analysis of dayside multi-wavelength photometry of the transiting hot-Jupiter WASP-12b (ref. 6) that reveals C/O?≥?1 in its atmosphere. The atmosphere is abundant in CO. It is depleted in water vapour and enhanced in methane, each by more than two orders of magnitude compared to a solar-abundance chemical-equilibrium model at the expected temperatures. We also find that the extremely irradiated atmosphere (T?>?2,500?K) of WASP-12b lacks a prominent thermal inversion (or stratosphere) and has very efficient day-night energy circulation. The absence of a strong thermal inversion is in stark contrast to theoretical predictions for the most highly irradiated hot-Jupiter atmospheres. 相似文献
110.