Tigogenin and ursolic acid fromCestrum diurnum Linn.

Zusammenfassung AusCestrum diurnum Linn. wurden Ursolsäure und Tigonin, [] _D ²³ –48° (Pyridine) und aus Tigonin Tigogenin durch Hydrolyse isoliert bzw. erhalten.     

Machine intelligence, rough sets and rough-fuzzy granular computing: uncertainty handling in bio-informatics and Web intelligence

Machine intelligence, is out of the system by the artificial intelligence shown. It is usually achieved by the average computer intelligence. Rough sets and Information Granules in uncertainty management and soft computing and granular computing is widely used in many fields,such as in protein sequence analysis and biobasis determination, TSM and Web service classification Etc.     

Modelling and Trading the English and German Stock Markets with Novelty Optimization Techniques

The motivation for this paper was the introduction of novel short‐term models to trade the FTSE 100 and DAX 30 exchange‐traded funds (ETF) indices. There are major contributions in this paper which include the introduction of an input selection criterion when utilizing an expansive universe of inputs, a hybrid combination of partial swarm optimizer (PSO) with radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, the application of a PSO algorithm to a traditional autoregressive moving model (ARMA), the application of a PSO algorithm to a higher‐order neural network and, finally, the introduction of a multi‐objective algorithm to optimize statistical and trading performance when trading an index. All the machine learning‐based methodologies and the conventional models are adapted and optimized to model the index. A PSO algorithm is used to optimize the weights in a traditional RBF neural network, in a higher‐order neural network (HONN) and the AR and MA terms of an ARMA model. In terms of checking the statistical and empirical accuracy of the novel models, we benchmark them with a traditional HONN, with an ARMA, with a moving average convergence/divergence model (MACD) and with a naïve strategy. More specifically, the trading and statistical performance of all models is investigated in a forecast simulation of the FTSE 100 and DAX 30 ETF time series over the period January 2004 to December 2015 using the last 3 years for out‐of‐sample testing. Finally, the empirical and statistical results indicate that the PSO‐RBF model outperforms all other examined models in terms of trading accuracy and profitability, even with mixed inputs and with only autoregressive inputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Forecasting daily foreign exchange rates using genetically optimized neural networks

Forecasting currency exchange rates is an important financial problem that has received much attention especially because of its intrinsic difficulty and practical applications. The statistical distribution of foreign exchange rates and their linear unpredictability are recurrent themes in the literature of international finance. Failure of various structural econometric models and models based on linear time series techniques to deliver superior forecasts to the simplest of all models, the simple random walk model, have prompted researchers to use various non‐linear techniques. A number of non‐linear time series models have been proposed in the recent past for obtaining accurate prediction results, in an attempt to ameliorate the performance of simple random walk models. In this paper, we use a hybrid artificial intelligence method, based on neural network and genetic algorithm for modelling daily foreign exchange rates. A detailed comparison of the proposed method with non‐linear statistical models is also performed. The results indicate superior performance of the proposed method as compared to the traditional non‐linear time series techniques and also fixed‐geometry neural network models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure of the E. coli protein-conducting channel bound to a translating ribosome

Secreted and membrane proteins are translocated across or into cell membranes through a protein-conducting channel (PCC). Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the Escherichia coli PCC, SecYEG, complexed with the ribosome and a nascent chain containing a signal anchor. This reconstruction shows a messenger RNA, three transfer RNAs, the nascent chain, and detailed features of both a translocating PCC and a second, non-translocating PCC bound to mRNA hairpins. The translocating PCC forms connections with ribosomal RNA hairpins on two sides and ribosomal proteins at the back, leaving a frontal opening. Normal mode-based flexible fitting of the archaeal SecYEbeta structure into the PCC electron microscopy densities favours a front-to-front arrangement of two SecYEG complexes in the PCC, and supports channel formation by the opening of two linked SecY halves during polypeptide translocation. On the basis of our observation in the translocating PCC of two segregated pores with different degrees of access to bulk lipid, we propose a model for co-translational protein translocation.     

Fixation of elementary nitrogen byNostoc punctiforme (Kütz.) Hariot andScytonema bohneri Schmidle in pure and unialgal cultures

Zusammenfassung Während Stickstoffixierung durch viele Blaualgen bekannt ist, wird diese Fähigkeit vonScytonema bohnert hier zum erstenmal gemeldet. BeiNostoc functiforme erreicht die N-Fixierung höhere Werte als bisher von irgendeiner Blaualge bekannt war und ausserdem zeigt sich das bereits bekannte Phänomen, dass kontaminierende Bakterien den Ertrag an gebundenem Stickstoff erhöhen können.     

Evidence of the involvement of membrane-bound steroids in the photoperiodic induction of flowering in Xanthium

Summary Filipin, which interferes with sterol stabilization of phospholipid membrane layers, inhibits the photoperiodic induction of flowering in Xantium; the inhibition is reversed to a large extent by cholesterol.We are thankful to Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich., USA, for the gift of a sample of filipin used in this investigation.     

Neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight, posture and behaviour

Comparison of birds and pterosaurs, the two archosaurian flyers, sheds light on adaptation to an aerial lifestyle. The neurological basis of control holds particular interest in that flight demands on sensory integration, equilibrium, and muscular coordination are acute. Here we compare the brain and vestibular apparatus in two pterosaurs based on high-resolution computed tomographic (CT) scans from which we constructed digital endocasts. Although general neural organization resembles birds, pterosaurs had smaller brains relative to body mass than do birds. This difference probably has more to do with phylogeny than flight, in that birds evolved from nonavian theropods that had already established trends for greater encephalization. Orientation of the osseous labyrinth relative to the long axis of the skull was different in these two pterosaur species, suggesting very different head postures and reflecting differing behaviours. Their enlarged semicircular canals reflect a highly refined organ of equilibrium, which is concordant with pterosaurs being visually based, aerial predators. Their enormous cerebellar floccular lobes may suggest neural integration of extensive sensory information from the wing, further enhancing eye- and neck-based reflex mechanisms for stabilizing gaze.