现场总线技术及其在火电厂中的应用

介绍了现场总线的结构、技术特点以及与DCS相比具有的优势.对现场总线在电厂应用中存在的问题及解决办法进行了讨论,对于现场总线在电厂中的应用前景阐明了看法.     

重金属镉对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪生长发育的影响

研究了镉质量浓度在0.0015,0.0300和0.1500mg/L时对花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪生长发育的影响。结果表明:不同质量浓度镉能缩短花背蟾蜍蝌蚪50％出膜时间,但对蝌蚪最终孵化率没有影响;镉能影响蝌蚪的生存率,对蝌蚪的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01),但组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);同时各质量浓度水平均导致蝌蚪头部泡状膨大、‘S’型尾和体形奇小(为正常体长的0.50～0.67)等,致畸率0.1500 mg/L质量浓度水平最高(2.25％),0.0300 mg/L水平次之(2.00％),0.0015 mg/L水平最低(0.50％)。     

Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) was identified nearly 80 years ago as the anti-pernicious anaemia factor in liver, and its importance in human health and disease has resulted in much work on its uptake, cellular transport and utilization. Plants do not contain cobalamin because they have no cobalamin-dependent enzymes. Deficiencies are therefore common in strict vegetarians, and in the elderly, who are susceptible to an autoimmune disorder that prevents its efficient uptake. In contrast, many algae are rich in vitamin B12, with some species, such as Porphyra yezoensis (Nori), containing as much cobalamin as liver. Despite this, the role of the cofactor in algal metabolism remains unknown, as does the source of the vitamin for these organisms. A survey of 326 algal species revealed that 171 species require exogenous vitamin B12 for growth, implying that more than half of the algal kingdom are cobalamin auxotrophs. Here we show that the role of vitamin B12 in algal metabolism is primarily as a cofactor for vitamin B12-dependent methionine synthase, and that cobalamin auxotrophy has arisen numerous times throughout evolution, probably owing to the loss of the vitamin B12-independent form of the enzyme. The source of cobalamin seems to be bacteria, indicating an important and unsuspected symbiosis.     

水泥土环境中粉煤灰水化与活性激发研究

水泥—粉煤灰与土充分拌合条件下,经过初级和次级2个过程形成水泥土固结体。粉煤灰的活性效应较之形态效应和微集料效应对水泥土强度的贡献是显著和持久的。活性激发剂———粉状硅酸钠溶出的OH-对粉煤灰网络聚合度比较高的“硬壳层”有腐蚀作用,同时硅酸钠水解产生的SiO32-在水化环境中可阻止水化硅酸钙生成过多而沉积在粉煤灰表面。通过构建粉煤灰在水泥土环境中的水化模型及SEM、力学性质等测试手段,分析了粉煤灰的水化与固结特性。     

弹性地基连续板的三弯矩方程

借助单跨弹性地基板弯曲方程的标准解答组，方便地导出了两对边简支弹性地基连续板的三弯矩方程．推导过程中，根据两对边简支的边界条件，同时还利用板中间支座处的变形连续条件，将板的挠度沿ｙ方向展成正弦级数．因导得的连续板三弯矩方程给计算带来了很大方便，故在工程设计中有重要应用．另外，提出的推导方法不仅概念清晰，而且容易推广到解决正交异性连续板的三弯矩方程     

界面处理和冷却条件对玻璃纤维与聚丙烯界面结合的影响 I.不同界面处理对界面剪切强度的影响

通过测定,得出马来酸酐改性聚丙烯（ＭＰＰ）是提高玻璃纤维与聚丙烯树脂界面剪切强度的关键因素,而偶联剂的变化对体系界面剪切强度的影响较少,用仪器分析证实了酸酐基团与玻璃纤维表面发生化学反应的实质,以及当界面存在改性聚丙烯时,应选择Ａ－１７４ＴＭ硅烷偶联剂处理增强聚丙烯的玻璃纤维,而不是传统的Ａ－１１００ＴＭ硅烷偶联剂。     

ALE有限元法解二维自由面流体大晃动问题

从Navier-Stokes方程和连续性方程出发，在ALE描述下，用四边形单元对所求区域加以划分；并借助于Galerkin加权余量法导出相应的有限元方程组，在有限元计算中速度和压力均采用四节点线性插值函数；通过二维自由面流体大晃动问题实例的计算，给出相应的计算结果，阐明了该方法的优越性和局限性。     

A separate two-stage pulse tube cooler working at liquid helium temperature

A novel 4 K separate two-stage pulse tube cooler (PTC) was designed and tested. The cooler consists of two separate pulse tube coolers, in which the cold end of the first stage regenerator is thermally connected with the middle part of the second regenerator. Compared to the traditional coupled multi-stage pulse tube cooler, the mutual interference between stages can be significantly eliminated. The lowest refrigeration temperature obtained at the first stage pulse tube was 13.8 K. This is a new record for singlestage PTC. With two compressors and two rotary valves driving mode, the separate two-stage PTC obtained a refrigeration temperature of 2.5K at the second stage. Cooling capacities of 508mW at 4.2K and 15W at 37.5K were achieved simultaneously. A one-compressor and one-rotary valve driving mode has been proposed to further simplify the structure of separate type PTC.     

甲（乙）基在甲（乙）苯亲电取代反应中的定位作用和定位能力讨论

在有机化学的亲电取代反应定位法则教学中,甲基代表烷基,作为芳烃亲电取代反应定位效应的典型例子,但甲基不同于乙基等烷基,具有不同的定位能力,烷基是如何影响芳环的结构从而影响取代基定位,教材和教学中描述较简单,不便于学生领会和比较。该文就此问题进行探讨,结果表明,烷基苯RAr（R—Me、Et）的R在空间的位置影响烷基苯的能量和原子电荷密度,从而影响烷苯的亲电取代反应。（1）烷苯的R—Ar键旋转形成不同构象,其中的最大与最小体系能量值之差△E,△E（Me）〈△E（Et）,{△E（Me）=0．0000084a．u,△E（Et）=0．0068029a．u},甲苯比乙苯的R—Ar单键更容易自由旋转。在EtAr,C8-C7-C1平面与苯环垂直时,体系能量[E（90）=-308．661166a．u．]最低,为较稳定的优势构象。（2）甲基和乙基均向苯环供电子,虽甲（乙）苯环的碳原子所带电荷之和都不及苯,但甲苯比乙苯的环碳上电子密度大,∑Q（Me,30）=-1．02794〈∑Q（Et,90）=-1．010487。（3）甲（乙）苯化合物中,均为邻、对位碳原子电子密度大于苯环碳{甲基：邻位qc2（30）=qc6（30）=-0．212118,对位-0．20724～-0．20728;乙基：邻位qc2（90）=qc6（90）=-0．209509,对位q（90）（-0．20695）},间位碳原子的电子密度小于苯环碳[甲基间位-0．19153～-0．19228;乙基间位q（90）=-0．192171],甲、乙苯的邻、对位有利于亲电取代反应,且甲基大于乙基的定位能力。（4）亲电试剂Me^＋与苯环反应形成邻、对位的碳正离子中间体比闯位碳正离子中间体稳定,有利于生成邻、对位取代产物,因此,甲、乙基均为邻、对位定位基。     

Selective Smoothed Finite Element Method

The paper examines three selective schemes for the smoothed finite element method (SFEM) which was formulated by incorporating a cell-wise strain smoothing operation into the standard compatible finite element method (FEM). These selective SFEM schemes were formulated based on three selective integration FEM schemes with similar properties found between the number of smoothing cells in the SFEM and the number of Gaussian integration points in the FEM. Both scheme 1 and scheme 2 are free of nearly incompressible locking, but scheme 2 is more general and gives better results than scheme 1. In addition, scheme 2 can be applied to anisotropic and nonlinear situations, while scheme 1 can only be applied to isotropic and linear situations. Scheme 3 is free of shear locking. This scheme can be applied to plate and shell problems. Results of the numerical study show that the selective SFEM schemes give more accurate results than the FEM schemes.