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51.
52.
The effects of elk ( Cervus elaphus ), pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ), and mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) browsing on shrubs in big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) communities were monitored over a 31-year period in Yellowstone National Park. Ungulates were restricting Wyoming big sagebrush (spp. wyomingensis ) heights, size, and recruitment on the lower-elevation stratum only, while no such suppression was observed on the high-elevation stratum. Parallel increases in mountain big sagebrush (spp. vaseyana ) densities and cover occurred over the study period on both browsed and unbrowsed sites at the higher-elevation stratum, although big sagebrush, green rabbitbrush ( Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ), and horsebrush ( Tetradymia canescens ) were slightly taller and crown sizes were slightly larger on unbrowsed than browsed sites. Wyoming big sagebrush utilization (percent leader use) was eight times higher ( ̄ x = 87 ± 7.2% by pronghorns, mule deer, and elk) on the low-elevation winter ranges stratum (the Boundary Line Area [BLA] portion of the winter range), while mostly mountain big sagebrush with leader use averaged only 11 ± 4.1% (nearly all by elk) on the high-elevation range stratum. In addition, annual aboveground biomass production of big sagebrush did not differ between browsed and unbrowsed study sites on the high-elevation stratum of the winter range. Population turnover was higher on browsed plots versus unbrowsed plots. No difference was observed in percent dieback of big sagebrush adult plants between browsed and unbrowsed plots at the higher stratum. Browsing did not influence the number of leaves or seedstalks per plant ( P > .05), but leaves averaged 45% longer and seedstalks 42% longer on browsed big sagebrush. Ungulate browsing, however, apparently suppressed production, germination, and survival of Wyoming big sagebrush on the low-elevation stratum. Numbers of Wyoming big sagebrush declined 43% and cover declined 29%, 1957-1990, on browsed sites on the BLA. Annual biomass production on browsed sites at the low-elevation stratum was only 6-35% that of unbrowsed sites, and big sagebrush recruitment was less on browsed sites. Percent leader use of big sagebrush did not differ between the period of ungulate reductions, 1962-1969, and the 1980s on the lower stratum ( ̄ x = 87% leader use), but utilization was less on higher portions of the winter range during the period of elk reductions ( ̄ x = 2%) than during the 1980s following cessation of elk controls ( ̄ x = 11%). 相似文献
53.
树突状细胞(Dendritic Cell,DC)作为天然免疫的重要组成部分,在抗原识别和抗原呈递过程中发挥重要作用.对DC细胞在恒河猴外周血及淋巴结组织中的细胞亚群及其分布频率进行初步观察.取健康源恒河猴外周血和肠系膜淋巴结,从中分离出淋巴细胞.利用流式细胞术检测分析不同亚群的DC细胞在其间的分布.结果表明,外周血及淋巴结中DC细胞比例均较低,但外周血中DC比例略高于肠系膜淋巴结.mDC亚群占总DC细胞数比例高于pDC细胞亚群,而肠系膜淋巴结中mDC比例相较外周血中有明显下降,统计学差异显著.测定了健康源恒河猴各亚群DC细胞在外周血和淋巴组织中的基础数值,为相关模型研究奠定了基础. 相似文献
54.
本试验选择常规饲养AA+品种雌、雄肉仔鸡各10羽,在20、24、28日龄取静脉血,检测血清中的LDH-L、CK、GOT/AST、GPT/ALT活性,经统计学处理,确定血清酶活性指标,同时比较雌雄肉仔鸡血清酶活性指标差异.结果表明20、24、28日龄雄性肉仔鸡血清LDH-L活性分别为704±80,529±51和515±51,雌性分别为490±80,380±51和389±51;CK雄性分别为98±8,87±6和149±30,雌性分别为78±8,65±6和69±30;GOT/AST雄性分别为194±12,225±17和226±14,雌性分别为171±12,213±17和214±14;GPT/ALT雄性分别为14±3,6±1和1±1,雌性分别为16±3,6±1和1±1.20、28日龄的雌、雄肉鸡CK、LDH-L活性差异显著(P<0.05),24日龄的雌、雄肉鸡CK、LDH-L活性差异极显著(P<0.01);20、24、28日龄的雌、雄肉鸡GOT/AST、GPT/ALT活性差异均不显著(P>0.05). 相似文献
55.
The central dogma of molecular biology - DNA makes RNA makes proteins - is a flow of information that in eukaryotes encounters a physical barrier: the nuclear envelope, which encapsulates, organizes and protects the genome. Nuclear-pore complexes, embedded in the nuclear envelope, regulate the passage of molecules to and from the nucleus, including the poorly understood process of the export of RNAs from the nucleus. Recent imaging approaches focusing on single molecules have provided unexpected insight into this crucial step in the information flow. This review addresses the latest studies of RNA export and presents some models for how this complex process may work. 相似文献
56.
Plasma dialysates from volume-expanded dogs (E) were compared directly to dialysates from the same dogs when hydropenic. In a double-blind study, E caused relative inhibition of short-circuit current in toad urinary bladder. We therefore confirm the presence of a sodium transport inhibiting factor in plasma of volume-expanded dogs. 相似文献
57.
通过描述发现和接近吸毒者群体的过程 ,分析广州地区静脉注射吸毒者的类型和特点以及他们大致的分布地点 ,总结了在艾滋病研究中如何应用人类学知识从事“社区外展活动”。最后 ,文章总结了这次外展活动的经验和教训 ,对今后研究隐藏在社区中的静脉吸毒的招募方法提出了建议。 相似文献
58.
Danilczyk U Sarao R Remy C Benabbas C Stange G Richter A Arya S Pospisilik JA Singer D Camargo SM Makrides V Ramadan T Verrey F Wagner CA Penninger JM 《Nature》2006,444(7122):1088-1091
Angiotensin -converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a regulator of the renin angiotensin system involved in acute lung failure, cardiovascular functions and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections in mammals. A gene encoding a homologue to ACE2, termed collectrin (Tmem27), has been identified in immediate proximity to the ace2 locus. The in vivo function of collectrin was unclear. Here we report that targeted disruption of collectrin in mice results in a severe defect in renal amino acid uptake owing to downregulation of apical amino acid transporters in the kidney. Collectrin associates with multiple apical transporters and defines a novel group of renal amino acid transporters. Expression of collectrin in Xenopus oocytes and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells enhances amino acid transport by the transporter B(0)AT1. These data identify collectrin as a key regulator of renal amino acid uptake. 相似文献
59.
Feedback inhibition at reciprocal synapses between A17 amacrine cells and rod bipolar cells (RBCs) shapes light-evoked responses in the retina. Glutamate-mediated excitation of A17 cells elicits GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibitory feedback onto RBCs, but the mechanisms that underlie GABA release from the dendrites of A17 cells are unknown. If, as observed at all other synapses studied, voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) couple membrane depolarization to neurotransmitter release, feedforward excitatory postsynaptic potentials could spread through A17 dendrites to elicit 'surround' feedback inhibitory transmission at neighbouring synapses. Here we show, however, that GABA release from A17 cells in the rat retina does not depend on VGCCs or membrane depolarization. Instead, calcium-permeable AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors (AMPARs), activated by glutamate released from RBCs, provide the calcium influx necessary to trigger GABA release from A17 cells. The AMPAR-mediated calcium signal is amplified by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from intracellular calcium stores. These results describe a fast synapse that operates independently of VGCCs and membrane depolarization and reveal a previously unknown form of feedback inhibition within a neural circuit. 相似文献
60.
Macfarlan TS Gifford WD Driscoll S Lettieri K Rowe HM Bonanomi D Firth A Singer O Trono D Pfaff SL 《Nature》2012,487(7405):57-63