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91.
Phylogenetic position of sponges in early metazoan evolution and bionic applications of siliceous sponge spicules 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Werner E G MULLER WANG XiaoHong ZENG LingSen Heinz C SCHRODER 《科学通报(英文版)》2007,52(22):3029-3040
Sponges are the oldest and the simplest but not primitive multicellular animals. They represent the earliest evolutionary metazoan phylum still extant. It was a long and painful scientific process to posi-tion the most enigmatic and mysterious metazoan,the Porifera,into their correct phylogenetic place among the eukaryotes in general and multicellular animals in particular. As living fossils,sponges provide the best evidence for the early evolution of Metazoa. More recently,interest has been focused on the bionic applications of sponges' siliceous spicules,after the discovery of their unique structure and high fiber performance. In this review,the emergence of sponges,evolutionary novelties found in sponges,and the phylogenetic position of sponges in early metazoan evolution are highlighted. In ad-dition,the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated "biosilica" formation in marine sponges,including the involvement of other molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology and medicine,is given. 相似文献
92.
P H van der Bosch de Aguilar 《Experientia》1976,32(2):228-229
The activity of Artemia protocerebral median neurosecretory cells is stimulated when animals are grown in media whose tonicity is lower than that of sea weater. The substance liberated by these cells could regulate the tonicity of the internal medium. 相似文献
93.
E A Rogaeva S Premkumar J Grubber L Serneels W K Scott T Kawarai Y Song D L Hill S M Abou-Donia E R Martin J J Vance G Yu A Orlacchio Y Pei M Nishimura A Supala B Roberge A M Saunders A D Roses D Schmechel A Crane-Gatherum S Sorbi A Bruni G W Small P M Conneally J L Haines F Van Leuven P H St George-Hyslop L A Farrer M A Pericak-Vance 《Nature genetics》1999,22(1):19-22
94.
P S Ohashi T W Mak P Van den Elsen Y Yanagi Y Yoshikai A F Calman C Terhorst J D Stobo A Weiss 《Nature》1985,316(6029):606-609
95.
Changes in the expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have an integral role in the regulation of immune responses, and are brought about in vitro by soluble mediators. However, the mechanism that underlies in vivo expression of MHC class II antigens in, for example, endothelial cells in the absence of immunological stimulation has not been studied. We demonstrate here that expression of MHC class II antigens is not a constitutive property of endothelial cells, for MHC class II antigen-positive endothelial cells do not express these antigens during treatment with the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A. In vivo MHC class II antigen expression by canine endothelial cells is therefore dependent on factors, probably the lymphokine gamma-interferon produced by the immune system, whose secretion is inhibited by cyclosporin A. 相似文献
96.
97.
98.
B. L. van der Waerden 《Archive for History of Exact Sciences》1978,18(4):343-357
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
99.
H. Van Dael 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1998,54(11):1217-1230
Protein folding is an extremely active field of research where biology, chemistry, computer science and physics meet. Although
the study of protein-folding intermediates in general and equilibrium intermediates in particular has grown considerably in
recent years, many questions regarding the conformational state and the structural features of the various partially folded
intermediate states remain unanswered. Performing kinetic measurements on proteins that have had their structures modified
by site-directed mutagenesis, the so-called protein-engineering method, is an obvious way to gain fine structural information.
In the present review, this method has been applied to a variety of proteins belonging to the lysozyme/α-lactalbumin family. Besides recombinants obtained by point mutations of individual critical residues, chimeric proteins in
which whole structural elements (10 – 25 residues) from α-lactalbumin were inserted into a human lysozyme matrix are examined. The conformational properties of the equilibrium intermediate
states are discussed together with the structural characterization of the partially unfolded states encountered in the kinetic
folding pathway.
Received 28 May 1998; received after revision 6 July 1998; accepted 6 July 1998 相似文献
100.
Regulated expression and binding of three VLA (beta 1) integrin receptors on T cells 总被引:78,自引:0,他引:78
Regulated adhesion of T cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is likely to be essential in T cell migration. Constitutive binding of various other cell types to ECM components is mediated by members of the VLA (very late antigen) subfamily of integrins. We describe here the regulated binding of resting CD4+ human T cells to ECM through three VLA integrins: VLA-4 and VLA-5 binding to fibronectin (FN), and a novel pathway of VLA-6 binding to laminin (LN). Binding to ECM is regulated in two ways. First, unlike other VLA-mediated interactions, VLA binding activity of the T cells is rapidly and dramatically augmented with cell activation without change in level of expression of the VLA molecules. Second, binding is regulated with T-cell differentiation; memory T cells express three- to four-fold more VLA-4, VLA-5, and VLA-6 than do naive cells, and bind more efficiently through them to FN and LN. 相似文献