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101.
Horizontal gene transfer--the exchange of genes across mating barriers--is recognized as a major force in bacterial evolution. However, in eukaryotes it is prevalent only in certain phagotrophic protists and limited largely to the ancient acquisition of bacterial genes. Although the human genome was initially reported to contain over 100 genes acquired during vertebrate evolution from bacteria, this claim was immediately and repeatedly rebutted. Moreover, horizontal transfer is unknown within the evolution of animals, plants and fungi except in the special context of mobile genetic elements. Here we show, however, that standard mitochondrial genes, encoding ribosomal and respiratory proteins, are subject to evolutionarily frequent horizontal transfer between distantly related flowering plants. These transfers have created a variety of genomic outcomes, including gene duplication, recapture of genes lost through transfer to the nucleus, and chimaeric, half-monocot, half-dicot genes. These results imply the existence of mechanisms for the delivery of DNA between unrelated plants, indicate that horizontal transfer is also a force in plant nuclear genomes, and are discussed in the contexts of plant molecular phylogeny and genetically modified plants. 相似文献
102.
Englund C Lorén CE Grabbe C Varshney GK Deleuil F Hallberg B Palmer RH 《Nature》2003,425(6957):512-516
The Drosophila melanogaster gene Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) is homologous to mammalian Alk, a member of the Alk/Ltk family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We have previously shown that the Drosophila Alk RTK is crucial for visceral mesoderm development during early embryogenesis. Notably, observed Alk visceral mesoderm defects are highly reminiscent of the phenotype reported for the secreted molecule Jelly belly (Jeb). Here we show that Drosophila Alk is the receptor for Jeb in the developing visceral mesoderm, and that Jeb binding stimulates an Alk-driven, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated signalling pathway, which results in the expression of the downstream gene duf (also known as kirre)--needed for muscle fusion. This new signal transduction pathway drives specification of the muscle founder cells, and the regulation of Duf expression by the Drosophila Alk RTK explains the visceral-mesoderm-specific muscle fusion defects observed in both Alk and jeb mutant animals. 相似文献
103.
Campana S Mangano V Blustin AJ Brown P Burrows DN Chincarini G Cummings JR Cusumano G Della Valle M Malesani D Mészáros P Nousek JA Page M Sakamoto T Waxman E Zhang B Dai ZG Gehrels N Immler S Marshall FE Mason KO Moretti A O'Brien PT Osborne JP Page KL Romano P Roming PW Tagliaferri G Cominsky LR Giommi P Godet O Kennea JA Krimm H Angelini L Barthelmy SD Boyd PT Palmer DM Wells AA White NE 《Nature》2006,442(7106):1008-1010
Although the link between long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know how the jet that defines a gamma-ray burst emerges from the star's surface, nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report observations of the relatively nearby GRB 060218 (ref. 5) and its connection to supernova SN 2006aj (ref. 6). In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB 060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/ultraviolet band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break-out of a shock wave driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. We have caught a supernova in the act of exploding, directly observing the shock break-out, which indicates that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star. 相似文献
104.
Cusumano G Mangano V Chincarini G Panaitescu A Burrows DN La Parola V Sakamoto T Campana S Mineo T Tagliaferri G Angelini L Barthelemy SD Beardmore AP Boyd PT Cominsky LR Gronwall C Fenimore EE Gehrels N Giommi P Goad M Hurley K Kennea JA Mason KO Marshall F Mészáros P Nousek JA Osborne JP Palmer DM Roming PW Wells A White NE Zhang B 《Nature》2006,440(7081):164
Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are bright flashes of high-energy photons that can last for tens of minutes; they are generally associated with galaxies that have a high rate of star formation and probably arise from the collapsing cores of massive stars, which produce highly relativistic jets (collapsar model). Here we describe gamma- and X-ray observations of the most distant GRB ever observed (GRB 050904): its redshift (z) of 6.29 means that this explosion happened 12.8 billion years ago, corresponding to a time when the Universe was just 890 million years old, close to the reionization era. This means that not only did stars form in this short period of time after the Big Bang, but also that enough time had elapsed for them to evolve and collapse into black holes. 相似文献