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911.
Bendahan D Giannesini B Cozzone PJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(9):1001-1015
Muscle fatigue, which is defined as the decline in muscle performance during exercise, may occur at different sites along the pathway from the central nervous system through to the intramuscular contractile machinery. Historically, both impairment of neuromuscular transmission and peripheral alterations within the muscle have been proposed as causative factors of fatigue development. However, according to more recent studies, muscle energetics play a key role in this process. Intramyoplasmic accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and limitation in ATP availability have been frequently evoked as the main mechanisms leading to fatigue. Although attractive, these hypotheses have been elaborated on the basis of experimental results obtained in vitro, and their physiological relevance has never been clearly demonstrated in vivo. In that context, noninvasive methods such as 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and surface electromyography have been employed to understand both metabolic and electrical aspects of muscle fatigue under physiological conditions. Mapping of muscles activated during exercise is another interesting issue which can be addressed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Exercise-induced T2 changes have been used in order to locate activated muscles and also as a quantitative index of exercise intensity. The main results related to both issues, i.e. the metabolic and electrical aspects of fatigue and the MRI functional investigation of exercising muscle, are discussed in the present review.Received 4 September 2003; received after revision 4 December 2003; accepted 22 December 2003 相似文献
912.
Rusznák Z Pocsai K Kovács I Pór A Pál B Bíró T Szücs G 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(12):1532-1542
In this work, the distributions of some acid-sensitive two-pore-domain K+ channels (TASK-1, TASK-2 and TASK-3) were investigated in the rat and human cerebellum. Astrocytes situated in rat cerebellar tissue sections were positive for TASK-2 channels. Purkinje cells were strongly stained and granule cells and astrocytes were moderately positive for TASK-3. Astrocytes isolated from the hippocampus, cerebellum and cochlear nucleus expressed TASK channels in a primary tissue culture. Our results suggest that TASK channel expression may be significant in the endoplasmic reticulum of the astrocytes. The human cerebellum showed weak TASK-2 immunolabelling. The pia mater, astrocytes, Purkinje and granule cells demonstrated strong TASK-1 and TASK-3 positivities. The TASK-3 labelling was stronger in general, but it was particularly intense in the Purkinje cells and pia mater.Received 25 February 2004; received after revision 19 April 2004; accepted 28 April 2004 相似文献
913.
Diversity of structures and properties among catalases 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
More than 300 catalase sequences are now available, divided among monofunctional catalases (> 225), bifunctional catalase-peroxidases (> 50) and manganese-containing catalases (> 25). When combined with the recent appearance of crystal structures from at least two representatives from each of these groups (nine from the monofunctional catalases), valuable insights into the catalatic reaction mechanism in its various forms and into catalase evolution have been gained. The structures have revealed an unusually large number of modifications unique to catalases, a result of interacting with reactive oxygen species. Biochemical and physiological characterization of catalases from many different organisms has revealed a surprisingly wide range of catalatic efficiencies, despite similar sequences. Catalase gene expression in micro-organisms generally is controlled either by sensors of reactive oxygen species or by growth phase regulons, although the detailed mechanisms vary considerably.Received 2 June 2003; received after revision 24 June 2003; accepted 1 July 2003 相似文献
914.
915.
The molecular mechanisms of congenital hypofibrinogenaemia 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Maghzal GJ Brennan SO Homer VM George PM 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(12):1427-1438
Congenital hypofibrinogenaemia is characterized by abnormally low levels of fibrinogen and is usually caused by heterozygous mutations in the fibrinogen chain genes (, and ). However, it does not usually result in a clinically significant condition unless inherited in a homozygous or compound heterozygous state, where it results in a severe bleeding disorder, afibrinogenaemia. Various protein and expression studies have improved our understanding of how mutations causing hypo- and afibrinogenaemia affect secretion of the mature fibrinogen molecule from the hepatocyte. Some mutations can perturb chain assembly as in the 153 Cys Arg case, while others such as the B Leu Arg and the B414 Gly Ser mutations allow intracellular hexamer assembly but inhibit protein secretion. An interesting group of mutations, such as 284 Gly Arg and 375 Arg Trp, not only cause hypofibrinogenaemia but are also associated with liver disease. The nonexpression of these variant chains in plasma fibrinogen is due to retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn leads to hypofibrinogenaemia.Received 17 December 2003; received after revision 19 January 2004; accepted 21 January 2004 相似文献
916.
Hoekstra PJ Anderson GM Limburg PC Korf J Kallenberg CG Minderaa RB 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(7-8):886-898
Tourettes syndrome is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of both multiple motor and vocal tics. While the pathogenesis at a molecular and cellular level remains unknown, structural and functional neuroimaging studies point to the involvement of the basal ganglia and related cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits as the neuroanatomical site for Tourettes syndrome. Moreover, Tourettes syndrome has a strong genetic component, and considerable progress has been made in understanding the mode of transmission and in identifying potential genomic loci. Summaries of recent findings in these areas will be reviewed, followed by a critical overview of findings both supporting and challenging the proposed autoimmune hypothesis of Tourettes syndrome. We conclude that Tourettes syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and that immune factors may indeed be involved in some patients.Received 12 August 2003; received after revision 8 October 2003; accepted 31 October 2003 相似文献
917.
Profiling of the secreted proteins during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation leads to the identification of novel adipokines 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Wang P Mariman E Keijer J Bouwman F Noben JP Robben J Renes J 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(18):2405-2417
Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ capable of secreting a number of adipokines with a role in the regulation of
adipose tissue and whole-body metabolism. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry to
profile the secreted proteins from (pre)adipocytes. The culture medium of 3T3-L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation
was screened, and 41 proteins that responded to blocking of secretion by 20°C treatment and/or brefeldin A treatment
were identified. Prohibitin, stress-70 protein, and adhesion-regulating molecule 1 are reported for the first time as
secreted proteins. In addition, procollagen C-proteinase enhancer protein, galectin-1, cyclophilin A and C, and SF20/IL-25
are newly identified as adipocyte secreted factors. Secretion profiles indicated a dynamic environment including an
actively remodeling extracellular matrix and several factors involved in growth regulation.Received 15 June 2004; received after revision 26 July 2004; accepted 2 August 2004 相似文献
918.
Panizzi P Friedrich R Fuentes-Prior P Bode W Bock PE 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2004,61(22):2793-2798
Staphylocoagulase (SC) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus is a potent non-proteolytic activator of the blood coagulation zymogen prothrombin and the prototype of a newly established
zymogen
activator and
adhesion
protein (ZAAP) family. The conformationally activated SC·prothrombin complex specifically cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which propagates the growth of bacteria-fibrin-platelet vegetations in acute bacterial endocarditis. Our recent 2.2 Å X-ray crystal structures of an active SC fragment [SC(1-325)] bound to the prothrombin zymogen catalytic domain, prethrombin 2, demonstrated that SC(1-325) represents a new type of non-proteolytic activator with a unique fold. The observed insertion of the SC(1-325) N-terminus into the Ile 16 cleft of prethrombin 2, which triggers the activating conformational change, provided the first unambiguous structural evidence for the molecular sexuality mechanism of non-proteolytic zymogen activation. Based on the SC(1-325) fold, a new family of bifunctional zymogen activator and adhesion proteins was identified that possess N-terminal domains homologous to SC(1-325) and C-terminal domains that mediate adhesion to plasma or extracellular matrix proteins. Further investigation of the ZAAP family may lead to new insights into the mechanisms of bacterial factors that hijack zymogens of the human blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems to promote and disseminate endocarditis and other infectious diseases.Received 30 June 2004; received after revision 28 July 2004; accepted 4 August 2004 相似文献
919.
920.
The myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) gene (Plp) encodes the most abundant protein found in myelin from the central nervous system (CNS). Expression of the gene is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner with maximal levels of expression occurring in oligodendrocytes during the active myelination period of CNS development, although other cell types in the CNS as well as in the periphery can express the gene to a much lower degree. In oligodendrocytes, Plp gene expression is tightly regulated. Underexpression or overexpression of the gene has been shown to have adverse effects in humans and other vertebrates. In light of this strict control, this review provides an overview of the current knowledge of Plp gene regulation.Received 4 August 2003; received after revision 17 September 2003; accepted 24 September 2003 相似文献