New investigations on enzymatic glycolysis and phosphorylation

Résumé Le schéma des étapes du dédoublement des glucosides dans la glycolyse des tissus animaux est exposé ici conformément aux résultats obtenus de 1932 à 1939. Toutes les substances intermédiaires sont phosphorylées. La transphosphorylation s'accomplit selon le système adénylique (acides adénosinetri-, di- et monophosphoriques). La grande énergie libre de ce groupe phosphorique n'est pas perdue, mais transmise aux intermédiaires de la glycolyse et s'accumule dans la phosphocréatine. Un autre type de phosphorylation est représenté par la phosphorolyse réversible du glycogène, avec formation du glucose-1-phosphate. Ce type est en réalité une «transglucosidation» comme on peut le démontrer dans la formation semblable du disaccharide à partir du glucose-1-phosphate et de la lévulose. En l'absence de la lévulose, le glucose-1-phosphate réagit avec l'enzyme en proportion stoechiométrique, et conserve l'énergie du groupe phosphorique dans la combinaison du glucose avec l'enzyme.L'article traite des nombreuses réactions enzymatiques des enzymes purifiées et cristallisées et discute plus en détail la fonction des trois enzymes, soit: la transformation de l'acide 2-phosphoglycérique en phosphoénolpyruvique par l'énolase, la phosphorylation de la glucose par l'adénosinetriphosphate en présence de l'hexokinase, et le dédoublement de l'acide pyruvique par la carboxylase. Le rôle des vitamines comme groupes essentiels des coenzymes, et celui des hormones comme activateurs et inhibiteurs des enzymes sont mis en évidence dans les réactions métaboliques des glucosides.     

Albrecht von Haller on academies and the advancement of science: the case of Göttingen

This article approaches eighteenth-century views on scientific academies by examining Haller's utterances, public and private, especially those occasioned by the founding of the Göttingen Society. It deals in turn with his understanding of the distinctive purpose of academies, with his explanation of the chief ways in which they realized this end, with his thoughts on their broader usefulness, and finally with his various reasons for considering close ties with the state to be essential to their productive and harmonious operations.     

Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dictyostelium</Emphasis> TACC reveals differential interactions with CP224 and unusual dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dictyostelium</Emphasis> microtubules

We have localized TACC to the microtubule-nucleating centrosomal corona and to microtubule plus ends. Using RNAi we proved that Dictyostelium TACC promotes microtubule growth during interphase and mitosis. For the first time we show in vivo that both TACC and XMAP215 family proteins can be differentially localized to microtubule plus ends during interphase and mitosis and that TACC is mainly required for recruitment of an XMAP215-family protein to interphase microtubule plus ends but not for recruitment to centrosomes and kinetochores. Moreover, we have now a marker to study dynamics and behavior of microtubule plus ends in living Dictyostelium cells. In a combination of live cell imaging of microtubule plus ends and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments of GFP-α-tubulin cells we show that Dictyostelium microtubules are dynamic only in the cell periphery, while they remain stable at the centrosome, which also appears to harbor a dynamic pool of tubulin dimers.     

The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane

In photosynthesis, the harvesting of solar energy and its subsequent conversion into a stable charge separation are dependent upon an interconnected macromolecular network of membrane-associated chlorophyll-protein complexes. Although the detailed structure of each complex has been determined, the size and organization of this network are unknown. Here we show the use of atomic force microscopy to directly reveal a native bacterial photosynthetic membrane. This first view of any multi-component membrane shows the relative positions and associations of the photosynthetic complexes and reveals crucial new features of the organization of the network: we found that the membrane is divided into specialized domains each with a different network organization and in which one type of complex predominates. Two types of organization were found for the peripheral light-harvesting LH2 complex. In the first, groups of 10-20 molecules of LH2 form light-capture domains that interconnect linear arrays of dimers of core reaction centre (RC)-light-harvesting 1 (RC-LH1-PufX) complexes; in the second they were found outside these arrays in larger clusters. The LH1 complex is ideally positioned to function as an energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before transfer to the RC where photochemistry occurs: the elegant economy of the photosynthetic membrane is demonstrated by the close packing of these linear arrays, which are often only separated by narrow 'energy conduits' of LH2 just two or three complexes wide.     

Mutations in INVS encoding inversin cause nephronophthisis type 2, linking renal cystic disease to the function of primary cilia and left-right axis determination

Nephronophthisis (NPHP), an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease, leads to chronic renal failure in children. The genes mutated in NPHP1 and NPHP4 have been identified, and a gene locus associated with infantile nephronophthisis (NPHP2) was mapped. The kidney phenotype of NPHP2 combines clinical features of NPHP and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Here, we identify inversin (INVS) as the gene mutated in NPHP2 with and without situs inversus. We show molecular interaction of inversin with nephrocystin, the product of the gene mutated in NPHP1 and interaction of nephrocystin with beta-tubulin, a main component of primary cilia. We show that nephrocystin, inversin and beta-tubulin colocalize to primary cilia of renal tubular cells. Furthermore, we produce a PKD-like renal cystic phenotype and randomization of heart looping by knockdown of invs expression in zebrafish. The interaction and colocalization in cilia of inversin, nephrocystin and beta-tubulin connect pathogenetic aspects of NPHP to PKD, to primary cilia function and to left-right axis determination.     

Zur Untersuchung lebender menschlicher Leukozytenin vitro

Summary A simple method of examining living Leucocytesin vitro is represented. This method renders possible the study of the effects of various drugs on Leucocytes. Moreover it permits, as a personal observation demonstrates, examining the resistance and the Leucocytes under different conditions of maladies.