The ancient claudin Dni2 facilitates yeast cell fusion by compartmentalizing Dni1 into a membrane subdomain

Dni1 and Dni2 facilitate cell fusion during mating. Here, we show that these proteins are interdependent for their localization in a plasma membrane subdomain, which we have termed the mating fusion domain. Dni1 compartmentation in the domain is required for cell fusion. The contribution of actin, sterol-dependent membrane organization, and Dni2 to this compartmentation was analysed, and the results showed that Dni2 plays the most relevant role in the process. In turn, the Dni2 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum depends on Dni1. These proteins share the presence of a cysteine motif in their first extracellular loop related to the claudin GLWxxC(8–10 aa)C signature motif. Structure–function analyses show that mutating each Dni1 conserved cysteine has mild effects, and that only simultaneous elimination of several cysteines leads to a mating defect. On the contrary, eliminating each single cysteine and the C-terminal tail in Dni2 abrogates Dni1 compartmentation and cell fusion. Sequence alignments show that claudin trans-membrane helixes bear small-XXX-small motifs at conserved positions. The fourth Dni2 trans-membrane helix tends to form homo-oligomers in Escherichia plasma membrane, and two concatenated small-XXX-small motifs are required for efficient oligomerization and for Dni2 export from the yeast endoplasmic reticulum. Together, our results strongly suggest that Dni2 is an ancient claudin that blocks Dni1 diffusion from the intercellular region where two plasma membranes are in close proximity, and that this function is required for Dni1 to facilitate cell fusion.     

Gains of glycosylation comprise an unexpectedly large group of pathogenic mutations

Mutations involving gains of glycosylation have been considered rare, and the pathogenic role of the new carbohydrate chains has never been formally established. We identified three children with mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease who were homozygous with respect to a missense mutation in IFNGR2 creating a new N-glycosylation site in the IFNgammaR2 chain. The resulting additional carbohydrate moiety was both necessary and sufficient to abolish the cellular response to IFNgamma. We then searched the Human Gene Mutation Database for potential gain-of-N-glycosylation missense mutations; of 10,047 mutations in 577 genes encoding proteins trafficked through the secretory pathway, we identified 142 candidate mutations ( approximately 1.4%) in 77 genes ( approximately 13.3%). Six mutant proteins bore new N-linked carbohydrate moieties. Thus, an unexpectedly high proportion of mutations that cause human genetic disease might lead to the creation of new N-glycosylation sites. Their pathogenic effects may be a direct consequence of the addition of N-linked carbohydrate.     

The treatment of observations in early astronomy

Communicated by Curtis Wilson     

In Memoriam Pau Hoffmann 1. Juli 1884-9. März 1962

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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In Memoriam Pau Hoffmann 1. Juli 1884-9. März 1962

     

The teachers/practitioners corner the effects of indexing ARMA series using the consumer price index

The authors demonstrate that indexing a time series with an ARMA representation using the Consumer Price Index does not materially alter the ARMA form of the model. They further demonstrate that the forecasting error of the indexed series and of the product of the forecasts of the index and the time series are, for practical purpose, the same. Simulation results are reported for five model classes.     

Excitatory and inhibitory pathways involved in lower reflex integration

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Frequenzabhängigkeit des respiratorischen Effektes der afferenten Vagusreizung und des lokalisatorischen Nachweises von zwei getrennten zentralen Schaltstellen für den inspiratorischen und den exspiratorischen Effekt läßt sich ein funktionelles Schema der vagalen Atmungsreflexe aufstellen. Die afferenten Lungenfasern des Vagus treten in synaptische Verbindung mit Schaltneuronen im Nucleus tractus solitarii und in der angrenzenden Zone der Formatio reticularis lateralis. Auf einem mehr kaudalen Niveau sind diese Schaltneurone inspiratorisch wirksam; ihre Neuriten bilden erregende Synapsen an den inspiratorischen Motoneuronen. Auf einem etwas mehr kranialen Niveau sind sie exspiratorisch wirksam; es wird angenommen, daß sie über besondere Synapsen eine direkte Hemmung auf die inspiratorischen Motoneurone ausüben. Diese exspiratorischen bzw. inspiratorischhemmenden Schaltneurone haben ein geringeres «Summationsvermögen» als die inspiratorischen und werden daher erst durch höhere afferente Erregungsfrequenzen in Aktion versetzt. Ihr hemmender Einfluß ist aber imstande, die motorische Auswirkung der gleichzeitig immer vorhandenen inspiratorischen Aktivierung gänzlich zu verhindern. Dieses Prinzip des doppelten zentralen Schaltweges für Erregung und Hemmung läßt sich in verallgemeinerter Form auf spinale Reflexe anwenden, wo ein hemmender Einfluß steigender afferenter Erregungsfrequenzen ebenfalls besteht. Ein in ähnlicher Weise antagonistisch wirkendes Schaltneuron-system ist für Reflexe mit tonischem Charakter als grundlegend anzunehmen, während der direkte monosynaptische Schaltweg als sekundär vereinfachter Mechanismus für gewisse phasische Reaktionen zu betrachten ist.     

Adriatic species of Schizomavella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)

In this paper, material belonging to the genus Schizomavella, collected along the Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea, is revised. Nine species were identified, including five species new to science: S. cornuta, S. halimedae, S. linearis, S. mamillata, S. adriatica sp. nov.,S. mystacea sp. nov., S. rosae sp. nov., S. stanislavi sp. nov. and S. tubulata sp. nov. Previous records of Schizomavella from the Adriatic are also discussed. The checklist of Adriatic Schizomavella species is updated to 11 species; a further two species are doubtful owing to wrong previous identifications. The presence of a calcified ‘hood’ covering the opesia of the suboral avicularium is described and its function is discussed. The morphological diversity of ovicells within the genus Schizomavella is compiled and discussed.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:987D8AE0-1E02-430D-9AB5-50B77BEAF52E