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991.
Response of Zhadang Glacier runoff in Nam Co Basin,Tibet, to changes in air temperature and precipitation form 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibet, and analyzes their causes. Precipitation increased by 17.9% in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007, drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%, and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%. Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a de-gree-day model. This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature. Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo, considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form, resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater. It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5% of total precipitation, while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%, with the majority of precipitation falling as snow. Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers. 相似文献
992.
In the twentieth century, revolutionary changes took place in the human society and people’s life-style due to the improvement of the optoelectronic information technology based on the second-order nonlinear optical effects, such as the electro-optic effect, the second harmonic generation (SHG), and so on. Along with the rapid development of light information technology, new principles and methods of nonlinear optics are needed, and the third-order nonlinear optical effects attract great attention. The research progress of nonlinear optics is reviewed in this article. Our research work on the third-order nonlinear optical materials, ultrafast and low-power organic all-optical photonic crystal switching are introduced. 相似文献
993.
Based on continuous three-year measurements (from 2004 to 2007) of eddy covariance and related environmental factors, envi-ronmental controls on variation in soil respiration (Rs) during non-growing season were explored in a maize agroecosystem in Northeast China. Our results indicated that during non-growing seasons, daily Rs was 1.08–4.08 g CO2 m–2 d–1, and the lowest occurred in late November. The average Rs of non-growing season was 456.06 ± 20.01 g CO2 m–2, accounting for 11% of the gross primary production (GPP) of the growing season. Additionally, at monthly scale, the lowest value of Rs appeared in January or February. From the beginning to the end of non-growing season, daily Rs tended to decrease first, and then increase to the highest. There was a significant quadratic curve relationship between Rs and soil temperature at 10 cm depth when soil temperature was more than 0°C (P<0.001), with the explaining ratio of 38%–70%. When soil water content was more than 0.1 m3 m–3, soil moisture at 10 cm depth was significantly parabolically correlated with Rs (P<0.001), explaining the rate of 18%–60%. Based on all the data of soil temperature of more than 0°C, a better model for Rs was established by coupling soil temperature and moisture, which could explain the rate of up to 53%–79%. Meanwhile, the standard error of regression estimation between the values of prediction and observation for Rs could reach 2.7%–11.8%. Rs in non-growing season can account for 22.4% of Rs in growing season, indicating that it plays a critical role in assessing the carbon budget in maize agroecosystem, Northeast China. 相似文献
994.
Qiang Li Kittiya Wongkhan XianCai Luo Andrei S. Batsanov Judith A. K. Howard Yu Lan YunDong Wu Todd B. Marder AiWen Lei 《科学通报(英文版)》2010,55(25):2794-2798
While stable in CH2Cl2, hexane or THF, in the presence of MeOH, self-promoted dimerization of the triarylphosphine-alkene 1, a ligand for Pd-catalyzed reactions, produced an unusual racemic bis(phosphine) 2 in high yield. The reaction of 2 with Pd(dba)2, followed by oxidative addition of p-IC6H4NO2, yielded a trans-chelated Pd(II) aryl iodide complex. 相似文献
995.
With the development of nanotechnology, many new optical phenomena in nanoscale have been demonstrated. Through the coupling of optical waves and collective oscillations of free electrons in metallic nanostructures, surface plasmon polaritons can be excited accompanying a strong near field enhancement that decays in a subwavelength scale, which have potential applications in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering, biosensor, optical communication, solar cells, and nonlinear optical frequency mixing. In the present article, we review the Green’s matrix method for solving the surface plasmon resonances and near field in arbitrarily shaped nanostructures and in binary metallic nanostructures. Using this method, we design the plasmonic nanostructures whose resonances are tunable from the visible to near-infrared, study the interplay of plasmon resonances, and propose a new way to control plasmonic resonances in binary metallic nanostructures. 相似文献
996.
Mohamed Ameen Aitzol Garcia-Etxarri Martin Schnell Rainer Hillenbrand Javier Aizpurua 《科学通报(英文版)》2010,55(24):2625-2628
The electromagnetic interaction of light with polar materials shows a sharp and well defined electromagnetic response in the infrared (IR) region that consists mainly of excitation of optical phonons. Similar to surface plasmons in the visible region, surface phonons can couple efficiently to infrared light in micron-sized antennas made of polar materials. We applied the boundary element method to calculating the infrared electromagnetic response of single SiC disks acting as effective infrared antennas as a function of different parameters such as disk size and thickness. We also analyzed the effect of locating a probing metallic tip near the SiC disk to scatter light in the proximity of the SiC disk, thereby obtaining new spectral peaks connected with localized modes between the tip and the SiC disk. We then further investigated their application in IR scanning probe microscopy. A near-field map of the phononic resonances enhances the understanding of the nature of the IR extinction peaks. 相似文献
997.
The protecting group free synthesis of Anomala Osakana Pheromone isomer has been achieved with high enantioselectivity (92% ee). A chiral γ-hydroxy-α, β-acetylenic ester was used as the key intermediate, which was obtained via asymmetric alkynylation of aldehyde. This was followed by readily handled selective hydrogenation and lactonization in three steps with a high overall yield (86%). 相似文献
998.
QingLin Zhong XiaoHua Peng TongFei Wu FangMin Fu Xin Cui Jin Zhu JinGen Deng 《科学通报(英文版)》2010,55(25):2814-2816
A library consisting of a series of O,O′-diaryzoyl-L-(–)-tartaric acids (2) was designed and synthesized. The substituent on the aromatic ring of 2 significantly affects the diastereomeric excess and efficiency of the resolution of racemic albuterol (1). Excellent resolving reagent 2a was selected for the resolution of rac-1 via the parallel approach. However, a family of three resolving reagents failed to improve the resolution efficiency of rac-1. 相似文献
999.
A new type of chiral bisoxazoline ligands 1 based on spiro[4,4]-1,6-nonadiene backbone was easily prepared in six steps from racemic spiro[4,4]-nonane-1,6-dione, with the Pd-catalyzed coupling of the enol triflates with CO and amino alcohols as the key steps for the construction of the oxazoline moiety. The structure of the ligand (R,S,S)-1b was unambiguously established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The chiral Cu(II) complex generated in situ from the combination of spiro bisoxazoline ligand (S,S,S)- 1c and Cu(OTf)2 was effective in the catalysis of asymmetric chlorination of the β-ketoester, methyl 1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H- in-dene-2-carboxylate, affording the corresponding chlorinated derivative in 99% yield with 17% ee. 相似文献
1000.
Seasonal variations and environmental controls on stalagmite calcite crystal growth in Heshang Cave,central China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stalagmite growth rates are usually considered to reflect changes in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. However, how exactly
growth rates are affected by climate and environment is still unclear. We launched a monitoring and modeling program that
lasted approximately 4 years on two active drip sites in Heshang Cave, central China. We collected comprehensive quantitative
data on growth rates, cave temperature, CO2 concentration, drip rate and drip-water chemistry to better understand the relationship between stalagmite growth and cave
environment. By laying out glass substrates, we successfully grew stalagmite calcite crystals with rhombic characteristics,
and quantified growth rates by measuring the long and short axes of calcite crystals under a microscope. Combined with coeval
environmental data, we explicitly examined the roles of cave temperature, drip rate and drip-water chemistry in controlling
the micro-scale growth of stalagmite calcite. Results show that growth of stalagmite calcite crystals at two drip sites exhibited
similar seasonal variations − generally faster in the summer months, at ∼3 μm d−1, and slower during the late winter to early spring, at ∼1.5 μm d−1. Variations in calcite growth rates were mainly determined by changes in cave temperature, with the growth rate increasing
by 8.1%/°C and 6.6%/°C at the two locations. This indicates the potential use of stalagmite growth rates as a seasonal-resolution
paleo-temperature proxy in some ventilated caves. On the other hand, the effect of drip rate and drip-water Ca2+ and SIC values on growth rates were not significant. 相似文献