甲醇-汽油混合燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过汽油机燃用甲醇-汽油混合燃料（其中甲醇的体积分数为109／6，汽油的体积分数为90％，简称M10燃料）和汽油的对比试验，研究了M10燃料对汽油机性能和排放的影响，并用气相色谱仪测量了尾气中的甲醇和甲醛排放．试验研究表明：汽油机燃用M10燃料对汽油机动力性影响不大，但汽油机有效热效率和燃油经济性提高，排温有所降低；CO和HC排放减少，NOx排放与燃用汽油时相当；甲醇和甲醛排放增加．排气经三效催化转化器后，CO、HC和NOx排放可以被控制在与常规汽油机排放相当的水平，甲醇和甲醛排放可以被控制在接近零排放的水平．     

Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease.

A locus segregating with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been mapped to chromosome 21, close to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. Recombinants between the APP gene and the AD locus have been reported which seemed to exclude it as the site of the mutation causing familial AD. But recent genetic analysis of a large number of AD families has demonstrated that the disease is heterogeneous. Families with late-onset AD do not show linkage to chromosome 21 markers. Some families with early-onset AD show linkage to chromosome 21 markers, but some do not. This has led to the suggestion that there is non-allelic genetic heterogeneity even within early onset familial AD. To avoid the problems that heterogeneity poses for genetic analysis, we have examined the cosegregation of AD and markers along the long arm of chromosome 21 in a single family with AD confirmed by autopsy. Here we demonstrate that in this kindred, which shows linkage to chromosome 21 markers, there is a point mutation in the APP gene. This mutation causes an amino-acid substitution (Val----Ile) close to the carboxy terminus of the beta-amyloid peptide. Screening other cases of familial AD revealed a second unrelated family in which this variant occurs. This suggests that some cases of AD could be caused by mutations in the APP gene.     

幂律流体管内充分发展的对流换热分析

将非牛顿流体的动量方程、能量方程和幂律流体的本构方程相结合 ,建立了幂律流体管内流动和换热充分发展时的对流换热控制方程组 ,并在恒热流和恒壁温边界条件下分别对方程组进行了求解 ,得到了两种不同边界条件下的温度分布和无量纲对流换热系数 (Nu数 )的表达式。结果表明 ,幂律流体的流变指数对流体流动的影响要大于对换热的影响 ;在恒热流边界条件下 ,幂律流体的温度在管内沿轴向呈线性分布 ;而在恒壁温条件下 ,其截面平均温度沿轴向呈指数规律变化。幂律流体的无量纲对流换热系数与幂律流体的流变指数有关 ,并且在两种边界条件下 ,均随着流变指数的增加而减小     

复合材料层压板疲劳寿命预测方法

测定了碳纤维／树脂基T300／QY8911复合材料的3组典型单轴循环应力下的S-N曲线．基于试验数据，建立了多轴循环应力作用下单向板的寿命模型，并通过整合平面应力分析、失效分析和材料性质退化模块模拟多向层压板的疲劳失效过程．这种方法试图基于单向板在确定应力比下的疲劳试验结果，预测同种材料体系的任意铺层形式的多向层压板在复杂循环应力作用下的疲劳寿命．对于以分层破坏为主控因素的层压板，基于层间应力的计算结果，用计算面内累计损伤的方法计算分层损伤，层压板的寿命等于分层扩展寿命和分层后子层板剩余寿命之和．考虑分层扩展后，层压板的寿命预测结果得到明显改善．     

Palaeogene fossil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> leaves from Lanzhou Basin and their palaeoclimatic significance

An angiosperm compression flora is found in Palaeogene from Lanzhou Basin and the cuticular analysis of Populus davidiana Dode in the flora is carefully made. Furthermore, the fossil cuticles are compared with the epidermal structures of extant Populus leaves growing in different environments, i.e. moist, semimoist, and semiarid to arid climatic regions. The present experiments indicate that mature leaves of P. davidiana show leaf size from big to small, leaf cuticles from thick to thin and anticlinal walls of epidermal cells from faintness to clarity along with the increase of lattudes of the plant distributions, the climatic variation from moist to arid, the annual precipitation from more to less and the annual mean temperature from high to low. The fossil P. davidiana differs from the specimens collected from Shandan in semiarid to arid climatic regions but closely resembles the Wushan leaves in a semi-moist climatic area in a lot of features. In a word, the new research may reflect that the flora lives in a semi-moist climatic environment. The present discovery of compression of Paleogene Populus davidiana is of great significance to studying vegetation types, climatic and environmental changes during the primal uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

盘式永磁无刷直流发电机

阐述了轴向磁场盘式永磁无刷直流发电机的结构及其特点，提出了气隙磁场的简化模型，并对三维磁场进行了分析，在此基础上探讨了这种电机的设计方法，以最大功率输出为优化目标，导出了几个简单实用的设计公式。６极９相样机的实测数据证实了分析和设计方法的正确性，这种无刷直流发电机结构紧凑，效率高，特别适用于由引擎驱动的发电系统。     

Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere

Northern mid-latitude forests are a large terrestrial carbon sink. Ignoring nutrient limitations, large increases in carbon sequestration from carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization are expected in these forests. Yet, forests are usually relegated to sites of moderate to poor fertility, where tree growth is often limited by nutrient supply, in particular nitrogen. Here we present evidence that estimates of increases in carbon sequestration of forests, which is expected to partially compensate for increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, are unduly optimistic. In two forest experiments on maturing pines exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2, the CO2-induced biomass carbon increment without added nutrients was undetectable at a nutritionally poor site, and the stimulation at a nutritionally moderate site was transient, stabilizing at a marginal gain after three years. However, a large synergistic gain from higher CO2 and nutrients was detected with nutrients added. This gain was even larger at the poor site (threefold higher than the expected additive effect) than at the moderate site (twofold higher). Thus, fertility can restrain the response of wood carbon sequestration to increased atmospheric CO2. Assessment of future carbon sequestration should consider the limitations imposed by soil fertility, as well as interactions with nitrogen deposition.     

Removal of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> by radical injection

Removal of NOx(DeNOx, NOx is the total of NO and NO2) from flue gas by radical injection has been investigated .the discharge characteristics were examined and the steady streamer corona was acquired hy adjusting the nozzle gases properly. It was Found that an increase in the voltage resulted in a decrease in the NO concentration and the concentration of the NO2 increased at tow voltages but decreased as the voltage rose to a certain level. The DeNOx efficiency increased as the applied voltage rose and reached a maximum of 70% when the voltage approached the breakdown voltage. The hypothetical mechanism of NOx removal suggested that the radicals formed in the discharge process converted the NO and NO2 into acidic species. The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the rate coefficients and the productivity of the radicals, and then the concentrations of both NO and NO2 and the DeNOx effielencies were calculated with chemical kinetics. The calculated DeNOx efficiencies were coalparable with the experimental DeNOx efficiencies at low voltages, but were lower at high voltages.     

自供式伺服变量泵节能液压系统的研究

在一套大型结构加载系统的节能改造中，采用一种新型的无须外加辅助油源的自供式伺服变量泵节能控制系统，并针对容积式控制方式中存在的问题，采用非线性变增益补偿法改善系统动态性能．实践表明，该系统具有良好的降低能耗、减少温升的作用；动态补偿方法效果显著     

射孔套管剩余抗挤能力分析

套管射孔后其抗挤能力将有所降低。建立了射孔段套管弹性抗挤性能分析控制的一般方程 ,并利用摄动理论给出了射孔套管弹性抗挤能力系数的一般计算公式。利用弹塑性有限元方法确定了孔口附近塑性区随射孔套管的外压增加的变化规律 ,并给出了确定射孔套管抗挤能力的计算方法。研究结果表明 ,孔眼附近的应力集中所引起的塑性区的存在 ,明显影响了射孔套管的抗挤强度。与弹性分析结果比较 ,弹塑性分析结果更接近实验值。孔眼的形状对射孔套管抗挤能力有直接影响。长轴在环向的椭圆形孔眼的套管抗挤能力降低得最少 ,方形孔眼的降低得最多。在孔眼形状相同的情况下 ,孔眼面积增大 ,射孔套管的抗挤能力降低。当射孔密度小于 2 0孔 /m时 ,无论采用何种布孔方式 ,除方形孔眼外 ,套管抗挤能力的降低均不会超过 4 % ;大于 2 0孔 /m时 ,射孔参数对套管抗挤能力的影响明显增加