A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations

With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identifying common genetic variants that confer risk of the disease is important. Here we report such a variant on chromosome 8q24, a region initially identified through a study of Icelandic families. Allele -8 of the microsatellite DG8S737 was associated with prostate cancer in three case-control series of European ancestry from Iceland, Sweden and the US. The estimated odds ratio (OR) of the allele is 1.62 (P = 2.7 x 10(-11)). About 19% of affected men and 13% of the general population carry at least one copy, yielding a population attributable risk (PAR) of approximately 8%. The association was also replicated in an African American case-control group with a similar OR, in which 41% of affected individuals and 30% of the population are carriers. This leads to a greater estimated PAR (16%) that may contribute to higher incidence of prostate cancer in African American men than in men of European ancestry.     

Differentiated cells are more efficient than adult stem cells for cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Since the creation of Dolly via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), more than a dozen species of mammals have been cloned using this technology. One hypothesis for the limited success of cloning via SCNT (1%-5%) is that the clones are likely to be derived from adult stem cells. Support for this hypothesis comes from the findings that the reproductive cloning efficiency for embryonic stem cells is five to ten times higher than that for somatic cells as donors and that cloned pups cannot be produced directly from cloned embryos derived from differentiated B and T cells or neuronal cells. The question remains as to whether SCNT-derived animal clones can be derived from truly differentiated somatic cells. We tested this hypothesis with mouse hematopoietic cells at different differentiation stages: hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and granulocytes. We found that cloning efficiency increases over the differentiation hierarchy, and terminally differentiated postmitotic granulocytes yield cloned pups with the greatest cloning efficiency.     

On the self-association potential of transmembrane tight junction proteins

Tight junctions seal intercellular clefts via membrane-related strands, hence, maintaining important organ functions. We investigated the self-association of strand-forming transmembrane tight junction proteins. The regulatory tight junction protein occludin was differently tagged and cotransfected in eucaryotic cells. These occludins colocalized within the plasma membrane of the same cell, coprecipitated and exhibited fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Differently tagged strand-forming claudin-5 also colocalized in the plasma membrane of the same cell and showed fluorescence resonance energy transfer. This demonstrates self-association in intact cells both of occludin and claudin-5 in one plasma membrane. In search of dimerizing regions of occludin, dimerization of its cytosolic C-terminal coiledcoil domain was identified. In claudin-5, the second extracellular loop was detected as a dimer. Since the transmembrane junctional adhesion molecule also is known to dimerize, the assumption that homodimerization of transmembrane tight junction proteins may serve as a common structural feature in tight junction assembly is supported. Received 6 October 2005; received after revision 14 December 2005; accepted 27 December 2005 †These authors contributed equally to this work.     

山东农业土地资源的可持续利用水平评估研究

在阐述农业土地资源可持续利用原理的基础上,建立了区域农业土地资源可持续利用评估指标体系,利用专家系统构筑区域农业土地资源可持续利用理想模型,制定计算标准,运用宁性与定量的综合集成方法,度量各个指标的实现程度,得出综合评价结果。进而分析了农业土地可持续利用的制约因素,提出了农业土地可持续发展的战略对策。     

引信全电子安全系统程序控制组件设计

全电子安全系统是引信设计的发展方向,程序控制组件是实现引信安全控制的重要部件.介绍了一种引信全电子安全系统程序控制组件的技术要求、基本功能和工作顺序及原理,提出了提高系统可靠性的电路模式和设计原则,同时对程序控制组件的软件设计方法进行了介绍.采用先进的在系统可编程器件,实现系统逻辑功能的集成化、小型化,且具有易于功能扩展、设计升级等优点.     

基于水动力模型的船舶航态的模拟仿真

根据船舶运动动态平衡原理,采用源汇法建立了在不同浪向下船舶横向运动的不动力模型,根据给定的船舶参数,用STF切片法计算了船体的水动力系数和波浪扰动力（矩）,并存入数据库。提出了采用四阶龙格－库塔法求解船舶运动水动力模型的线性微分方程组,以获得船舶随时间变化的各自由度运动幅值。提出并采用了与以往不同的三维模拟仿真方法－虚拟现实技术,创建了天空和海面波浪等三维虚拟场景,实现了具有真实感的、随时间变化的三维船舶航态（横摇、摇艏、横荡）在该场景中的实时动态仿真,取得了良好的效果。     

一个基于专家系统的入侵检测系统的实现

入侵检测系统是传统被动方式的网络安全检测手段的重要补充,它是一种主动、实时、自动检测入侵行为的工具和手段.本文论述了两种入侵检测方法--异常行为检测方法和比较学习检测方法的基本原理,同时根据这两种网络安全检测方法,采用专家系统技术,构筑了一个实际的网络监控系统的具体实现,并给出了该网络监控系统的结构图.     

吸引和排斥与生命物质运动：吸引和排斥是遗传和变异的动力

从染色体,分子,原子水平探讨了吸引和排斥与生命物质的关系。遗传和变异是生物界最基本的运动形式,它们的运动与吸引相互作用密切相关。吸引和排斥的相互作用生物大分子存在的基石,是细胞分裂,维持细胞结构和细胞内各种运动所必需的。同时,吸引排斥的作用还有基因调控,ＤＮＡ重组,突变和修复以及遗传工程中得到体现。     

一种快速高效二维时域有限元束传播法

提出并建立了一种新型的快速分析平面光波光路器件传输特性的2D时域有限元束传播法(FE-TD-BPM)模型.与常规时域差分格式的有限元束传播法相比,在时域实现了一维有限元(FEM)离散化处理,基于完全匹配层(PML)边界条件给出了全有限元离散化模型.为了验证算法的精度以及速度,模拟分析了直脊波导以及波导光栅,并且与已有文献的计算结果进行比较,结果表明,该算法无条件稳定、计算速度快,与常规时域差分格式的有限元束传播法相差在0.002%以内,并节省了约70%的机时.     

利他、公平和信任等因素对合作的影响

分析了利他、公平、信任等因素对博弈过程中合作的影响,以典型的"gift-exchange博弈模型"为例,假设博弈方行为受到一些因素影响并且可以用启发式规则简单描述,通过对成员Agent内部的利他、公平、信任等属性和交互过程中启发式规则的设计和编程实现,使得博弈双方在博弈过程中不断学习和调整策略,形成最终达成一致的合作机制.利用多Agent系统平台--JADE对所提出的模型进行仿真,通过对实验数据的分析,揭示了在多Agent系统中利他、公平以及信任等因素对合作的影响,指出了这些因素在经济生活中的实际指导意义.