A common somitic origin for embryonic muscle progenitors and satellite cells

In the embryo and in the adult, skeletal muscle growth is dependent on the proliferation and the differentiation of muscle progenitors present within muscle masses. Despite the importance of these progenitors, their embryonic origin is unclear. Here we use electroporation of green fluorescent protein in chick somites, video confocal microscopy analysis of cell movements, and quail-chick grafting experiments to show that the dorsal compartment of the somite, the dermomyotome, is the origin of a population of muscle progenitors that contribute to the growth of trunk muscles during embryonic and fetal life. Furthermore, long-term lineage analyses indicate that satellite cells, which are known progenitors of adult skeletal muscles, derive from the same dermomyotome cell population. We conclude that embryonic muscle progenitors and satellite cells share a common origin that can be traced back to the dermomyotome.     

Lowland-upland migration of sauropod dinosaurs during the Late Jurassic epoch

Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest vertebrates ever to walk the Earth, and as mega-herbivores they were important parts of terrestrial ecosystems. In the Late Jurassic-aged Morrison depositional basin of western North America, these animals occupied lowland river-floodplain settings characterized by a seasonally dry climate. Massive herbivores with high nutritional and water needs could periodically experience nutritional and water stress under these conditions, and thus the common occurrence of sauropods in this basin has remained a paradox. Energetic arguments and mammalian analogues have been used to suggest that migration allowed sauropods access to food and water resources over a wide region or during times of drought or both, but there has been no direct support for these hypotheses. Here we compare oxygen isotope ratios (δ(18)O) of tooth-enamel carbonate from the sauropod Camarasaurus with those of ancient soil, lake and wetland (that is, 'authigenic') carbonates that formed in lowland settings. We demonstrate that certain populations of these animals did in fact undertake seasonal migrations of several hundred kilometres from lowland to upland environments. This ability to describe patterns of sauropod movement will help to elucidate the role that migration played in the ecology and evolution of gigantism of these and associated dinosaurs.     

DCC constrains tumour progression via its dependence receptor activity

The role of deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC) as a tumour suppressor has been a matter of debate for the past 15 years. DCC gene expression is lost or markedly reduced in the majority of advanced colorectal cancers and, by functioning as a dependence receptor, DCC has been shown to induce apoptosis unless engaged by its ligand, netrin-1 (ref. 2). However, so far no animal model has supported the view that the DCC loss-of-function is causally implicated as predisposing to aggressive cancer development. To investigate the role of DCC-induced apoptosis in the control of tumour progression, here we created a mouse model in which the pro-apoptotic activity of DCC is genetically silenced. Although the loss of DCC-induced apoptosis in this mouse model is not associated with a major disorganization of the intestines, it leads to spontaneous intestinal neoplasia at a relatively low frequency. Loss of DCC-induced apoptosis is also associated with an increase in the number and aggressiveness of intestinal tumours in a predisposing APC mutant context, resulting in the development of highly invasive adenocarcinomas. These results demonstrate that DCC functions as a tumour suppressor via its ability to trigger tumour cell apoptosis.     

Esterases in avian sera: Species specific pattern and individual variations

Résumé Les taches colorées correspondant à l'activité estérasique des sérums d'oiseaux, après électrophorèse en gélose, diffèrent entre elles en nombre, localization et relative intensité de coloration dans les sérums provenant de familles différentes: Poules, Canards, Pigeons ou d'espèces d'une même famille. Chez certaines espèces, on peut également observer des variations individuelles.     

Anthelmintic activity of several 5-substituted benzimidazolyl carbamates againstHymenolepis,nana cysticercoids

Summary Several benzimidazolyl carbamate derivatives effective againstHymenolepis, nana cysticercoids were found.     

Implications of epidermal-dermal relations following injury for understanding association of carcinogenesis with hair regeneration or scars

Zusammenfassung Während des normalen Heilungsvorganges in Hautverletzungen wurde nachgewiesen, dass das Epithel die unterliegende traumatisierte Cutis « überfällt ». Normalerweise werden solche « überfallenden » Epithelsporen entweder durch Fremdkörperreaktion des Bindegewebes eliminert, oder aber eine « kompetente » Cutis bewirkt die Bildung von Talgdrüsen oder neuer Haarfollikel. In Anbetracht der engen Korrelation zwischen Haarbildung, Narben und Carcinogenese wird auf Grund der histologischen Befunde der Autoren und aus einer Übersicht der einschlägigen embryologischen Forschungsliteratur gefolgert, dass das endgültig massgebliche Verhalten solcher « überfallenden » pluripoten tialen Epithelsporen während des Wundheilungsvorganges teilweise von der Natur der epikutanen Überfälle abhängig ist, und vornehmlich von der Reaktivität der unterliegenden Cutis.Epikutane Neoplasie könnte infolgedessen hauptsächlich als Ergebnis des Versagens einer beschädigten Cutis betrachtet werden, die weder die überfallende Epidermis eliminiert, noch die Haarpapillen differenziert, in ihrer Reaktion gegen überfallende, epidermale Sporen oder neue Haar-Anlagen, die während normalem Heilungsvorgang gebildet wurden; dies gilt für jedwede Verletzung, die chemisch oder physisch verursacht wurde. Überfallende epidermale Sporen könnten zuerst verhornte Zysten bilden, in welchen späterhin neoplastische Veränderungen in Erscheinung treten.     

Potentiation action of ibogaine (bogadin TM) on morphine analgesia

Zusammenfassung Ibogain-hydrochlorid zeigte an der Maus einen ausgesprochen potenzierenden Effekt auf die analgetische Wirkung von Morphin und morphinähnlichen Analgetika und erhöhte, bei derselben Tierart, auch die Toxizität von Morphin. Die analgetische Wirkung von Aminopyrin hingegen wurde selbst durch hohe Dosen von Ibogain nicht beeinflusst.     

Sur la présence deβ-alanine dans les tissus des plantes supérieures

Summary -alanine has always been found in peptide hydrolysates of various higher plants, but never in protein hydrolysates. An assumption that the-alanine so found is a constituent of coenzyme A has been suggested.     

The Drosophila immune response against Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by a peptidoglycan recognition protein

The antimicrobial defence of Drosophila relies largely on the challenge-induced synthesis of an array of potent antimicrobial peptides by the fat body. The defence against Gram-positive bacteria and natural fungal infections is mediated by the Toll signalling pathway, whereas defence against Gram-negative bacteria is dependent on the Immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. Loss-of-function mutations in either pathway reduce the resistance to corresponding infections. The link between microbial infections and activation of these two pathways has remained elusive. The Toll pathway is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating Peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-SA). PGRPs appear to be highly conserved from insects to mammals, and the Drosophila genome contains 13 members. Here we report a mutation in a gene coding for a putative transmembrane protein, PGRP-LC, which reduces survival to Gram-negative sepsis but has no effect on the response to Gram-positive bacteria or natural fungal infections. By genetic epistasis, we demonstrate that PGRP-LC acts upstream of the imd gene. The data on PGRP-SA with respect to the response to Gram-positive infections, together with the present report, indicate that the PGRP family has a principal role in sensing microbial infections in Drosophila.