微型燃机一次表面回热器全程通道三维数值模拟

基于层流假设,对微型燃机一次表面回热器 (PSR)波纹状全程通道的换热特性和压力损失进行了三维数值模拟计算,并将模拟结果与经验公式计算结果进行了比较.数值模拟结果表明,一次表面回热器的换热特性和压力损失值与雷诺数及波纹的结构尺寸有关.换热特性随着雷诺数的增加、通道宽高比的减小而逐渐增强,阻力损失则随着雷诺数、通道宽高比的增加而明显增大.当回热器部分流量工作时,回热度升高.     

常温干燥法制备纳米炭粉

以煤焦油沥青为原料,浓硫酸和浓硝酸为氧化剂,利用溶胶-凝胶方法制备水性中间相沥青.将水性中间相沥青溶解于氨水中得到水相炭基凝胶,经过乙醇与水交换后进行常温干燥和热处理制备纳米炭粉.利用FT-IR光谱、TG、XRD和TEM等分析手段对水性中间相沥青、纳米炭原粉以及纳米炭粉进行了表征.结果表明:采用常温干燥方法制备纳米炭粉是可行的,制得的纳米炭粉粒度均匀、规则,形状近似于球形,平均粒径为20 nm左右,其炭结构为无序的乱层石墨结构.在沥青与混酸氧化过程中,主要发生硝化、氧化、磺化反应;纳米炭原粉的热解过程分为脱醇脱水、预热解、强烈热分解和结构重排等四个阶段.     

新的ICA算法实现成组fMRI信号盲分离

独立成分分析(ICA)方法已被成功地用于处理功能磁共振成像(fMRI)信号,但主要是用于处理单个被试的fMRI信号,对于多个被试的情况却很少考虑.为此利用一种扩展的ICA方法--Group ICA来处理多个被试的fMRI信号,结果表明这种方法在保证结果准确性的前提下,可以大大减少计算量,快速获得统计结果.计算中应用的是NewFP算法,统计结果表明这种算法在估计激活的时间动力学准确性上优于FastICA算法.     

AFSs-RBF神经网络模型在轻亚黏土地震液化判别中应用研究

以自适应模糊系统AFSs为基础,运用径向基高斯函数RBF所建立的AFSs-RBF神经网络模型能够同时容纳模糊系统的推理功能和自适应性,动态调节隐节点数即模糊规则教,具有广泛的适用性.将这种模型应用于轻亚黏土地震液化评价中,选择震中距、上覆有效应力、黏粒含量、标贯击数、地下水位、循环应力比等6个与地震和场地条件有关的影响因子作为网络输入参数,对于轻亚黏土场地的液化势判别具体地建立了模糊神经网络模型AFSs-RBF.以唐山7.8级地震中天津某地区的轻亚黏土液化数据为训练样本,经验证和应用表明,这种AFSs-RBF网络具备更高的自适应性和非线性映射能力.     

轨/姿控发动机推力矢量测试平台动态特性分析

采用模态分析法解耦矩阵,建立轨/姿控火箭发动机推力与推力矢量测试平台系统的传递函数,采用有限元方法预估了固有频率,并通过实验模态分析方法对测试平台系统进行了精确测试,得出了测试平台在实际安装状态下4 kHz以内的各阶固有频率、阻尼比、主振型、留数等模态参数.验证了有限元方法的分析结果和测试平台系统的合理性,并通过仿真计算和模拟实际试车状态的实验,验证了所建立的传递函数的准确性.     

基于深腾1800机群系统的分子动力学并行仿真研究

介绍了分子动力学并行仿真计算的软硬件环境,分析了现有的几种并行算法,确定采用区域分解法作为并行算法,并在此基础上提出了基于区域二次划分的分子动力学并行仿真算法.另外,阐述了原子链、原子近邻表和原子亲属表的概念,提出了基于永久序号的消息传递策略.最后,设计了分子动力学并行仿真程序,并分别在1、2、3、4台结点机上进行了实验,运行结果表明:加速比随着结点数的增加而增加,并行效率虽略有下降但都在87.5%以上,并行效率并没有随着结点数的增加有明显的降低,说明并行程序具有很好的扩展性.     

Retinoic acid regulates avian lung branching through a molecular network

Retinoic acid (RA) is of major importance during vertebrate embryonic development and its levels need to be strictly regulated otherwise congenital malformations will develop. Through the action of specific nuclear receptors, named RAR/RXR, RA regulates the expression of genes that eventually influence proliferation and tissue patterning. RA has been described as crucial for different stages of mammalian lung morphogenesis, and as part of a complex molecular network that contributes to precise organogenesis; nonetheless, nothing is known about its role in avian lung development. The current report characterizes, for the first time, the expression pattern of RA signaling members (stra6, raldh2, raldh3, cyp26a1, rarα, and rarβ) and potential RA downstream targets (sox2, sox9, meis1, meis2, tgfβ2, and id2) by in situ hybridization. In the attempt of unveiling the role of RA in chick lung branching, in vitro lung explants were performed. Supplementation studies revealed that RA stimulates lung branching in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of cyp26a1, sox2, sox9, rarβ, meis2, hoxb5, tgfβ2, id2, fgf10, fgfr2, and shh were evaluated after RA treatment to disclose a putative molecular network underlying RA effect. In situ hybridization analysis showed that RA is able to alter cyp26a1, sox9, tgfβ2, and id2 spatial distribution; to increase rarβ, meis2, and hoxb5 expression levels; and has a very modest effect on sox2, fgf10, fgfr2, and shh expression levels. Overall, these findings support a role for RA in the proximal–distal patterning and branching morphogenesis of the avian lung and reveal intricate molecular interactions that ultimately orchestrate branching morphogenesis.     

Increased migration of olfactory ensheathing cells secreting the Nogo receptor ectodomain over inhibitory substrates and lesioned spinal cord

Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation emerged some years ago as a promising therapeutic strategy to repair injured spinal cord. However, inhibitory molecules are present for long periods of time in lesioned spinal cord, inhibiting both OEC migration and axonal regrowth. Two families of these molecules, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin-derived inhibitors (MAIs), are able to trigger inhibitory responses in lesioned axons. Mounting evidence suggests that OEC migration is inhibited by myelin. Here we demonstrate that OEC migration is largely inhibited by CSPGs and that inhibition can be overcome by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC. In parallel, we have generated a stable OEC cell line overexpressing the Nogo receptor (NgR) ectodomain to reduce MAI-associated inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Results indicate that engineered cells migrate longer distances than unmodified OECs over myelin or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)-coated substrates. In addition, they also show improved migration in lesioned spinal cord. Our results provide new insights toward the improvement of the mechanisms of action and optimization of OEC-based cell therapy for spinal cord lesion.     

Massive glycosaminoglycan-dependent entry of Trp-containing cell-penetrating peptides induced by exogenous sphingomyelinase or cholesterol depletion

Among non-invasive cell delivery strategies, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) vectors represent interesting new tools. To get fundamental knowledge about the still debated internalisation mechanisms of these peptides, we modified the membrane content of cells, typically by hydrolysis of sphingomyelin or depletion of cholesterol from the membrane outer leaflet. We quantified and visualised the effect of these viable cell surface treatments on the internalisation efficiency of different CPPs, among which the most studied Tat, R₉, penetratin and analogues, that all carry the N-terminal biotin-Gly₄ tag cargo. Under these cell membrane treatments, only penetratin and R₆W₃ underwent a massive glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-dependent entry in cells. Internalisation of the other peptides was only slightly increased, similarly in the absence or the presence of GAGs for R₉, and only in the presence of GAGs for Tat and R₆L₃. Ceramide formation (or cholesterol depletion) is known to lead to the reorganisation of membrane lipid domains into larger platforms, which can serve as a trap and cluster receptors. These results show that GAG clustering, enhanced by formation of ceramide, is efficiently exploited by penetratin and R₆W₃, which contains Trp residues in their sequence but not Tat, R₉ and R₆L₃. Hence, these data shed new lights on the differences in the internalisation mechanism and pathway of these peptides that are widely used in delivery of cargo molecules.