Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity

Protecting the world's freshwater resources requires diagnosing threats over a broad range of scales, from global to local. Here we present the first worldwide synthesis to jointly consider human and biodiversity perspectives on water security using a spatial framework that quantifies multiple stressors and accounts for downstream impacts. We find that nearly 80% of the world's population is exposed to high levels of threat to water security. Massive investment in water technology enables rich nations to offset high stressor levels without remedying their underlying causes, whereas less wealthy nations remain vulnerable. A similar lack of precautionary investment jeopardizes biodiversity, with habitats associated with 65% of continental discharge classified as moderately to highly threatened. The cumulative threat framework offers a tool for prioritizing policy and management responses to this crisis, and underscores the necessity of limiting threats at their source instead of through costly remediation of symptoms in order to assure global water security for both humans and freshwater biodiversity.     

高成形性镁合金板材的成分优化

镁是最轻的金属结构材料。然而，镁合金板材具有织构强，室温成形性差的瓶颈难题，限制其广泛应用。虽然研究发现在Mg–Zn–Zr合金体系同添加钙或钆能弱化织构，提高成形性，但这两种元素添加后对的效果尚未有过系统比较和研究。本文旨在展现微合金添加钆和钙对于显微结构和力学性能的影响规律。本文发现，Mg–Zn–Gd–Zr 与 Mg–Zn–Ca–Zr轧板有类似的弱织构，但是Mg–Zn–Gd–Zr轧板的延伸率和成形性高于Mg–Zn–Ca–Zr。当在Mg–1Zn–0.5Zr合金中添加0.4wt%钆、0.2wt%钙时能获得最高的室温延伸率，其深冲成形性可以和铝合金板材6016相媲美。当钙的含量从0.2wt%提升至0.5wt%后，合金板材的延伸率与成形性下降，其主要原因是钙的过量添加导致了晶界脆化，降低了晶界韧性从而裂纹容易从晶界处萌生并扩展。