Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins

Many animals are regarded as relatively sedentary and specialized in marginal parts of their geographical distributions. They are expected to be slow at colonizing new habitats. Despite this, the cool margins of many species' distributions have expanded rapidly in association with recent climate warming. We examined four insect species that have expanded their geographical ranges in Britain over the past 20 years. Here we report that two butterfly species have increased the variety of habitat types that they can colonize, and that two bush cricket species show increased fractions of longer-winged (dispersive) individuals in recently founded populations. Both ecological and evolutionary processes are probably responsible for these changes. Increased habitat breadth and dispersal tendencies have resulted in about 3- to 15-fold increases in expansion rates, allowing these insects to cross habitat disjunctions that would have represented major or complete barriers to dispersal before the expansions started. The emergence of dispersive phenotypes will increase the speed at which species invade new environments, and probably underlies the responses of many species to both past and future climate change.     

Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser

Semiconductor devices have become indispensable for generating electromagnetic radiation in everyday applications. Visible and infrared diode lasers are at the core of information technology, and at the other end of the spectrum, microwave and radio-frequency emitters enable wireless communications. But the terahertz region (1-10 THz; 1 THz = 10(12) Hz) between these ranges has remained largely underdeveloped, despite the identification of various possible applications--for example, chemical detection, astronomy and medical imaging. Progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of compact, low-consumption, solid-state terahertz sources. Here we report a monolithic terahertz injection laser that is based on interminiband transitions in the conduction band of a semiconductor (GaAs/AlGaAs) heterostructure. The prototype demonstrated emits a single mode at 4.4 THz, and already shows high output powers of more than 2 mW with low threshold current densities of about a few hundred A cm(-2) up to 50 K. These results are very promising for extending the present laser concept to continuous-wave and high-temperature operation, which would lead to implementation in practical photonic systems.     

Critique of Manualized Therapies: Systemic Family Therapy Manual for Adolescent Self-Harm

Systemic Practice and Action Research - The ‘Systemic Family Therapy Manual for Adolescent Self-Harm’ (SHIFT) (Boston et al. 2009) has recently been evaluated and it was found that the...     

The assessment of tobacco smoke toxicity in tissue and organ culture: An in vitro arrangement for exposure under defined conditions

Zusammenfassung Eine Apparatur zur Berauchung von Zell-und Organkulturen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen (Anzahl und Dauer der Puffs, Temperatur, Luftfeuchtigkeit) wird beschrieben. Das System basiert auf der Verwendung der Filtrona-Berauchungsmaschine (Cigarette Components Ltd.); die zusätzlichen Elemente können leicht aus laboreigenem Material zusammengestellt werden. Frischrauch und wasserdampfgesättigte Gasmischungen (z.B. Luft/CO₂) können in der Berauchungskammer in variablen Proportionen gemischt werden.     

Fluctuations in sarcomere length in the chick anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles during isometric contraction

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass die Schwankung der Sarkomerenlänge bei Benützung der «laser beam» — Methode während der isometrischen Kontraktion der M. latissimi dorsi beim Hühnchen verschieden war. Der Schwankungsumfang war in den vorderen und hinteren Muskeln ungefähr gleich (900 Å), hingegen war die Frequenz in den hinteren phasischen Muskeln dreimal höher als in den vorderen tonischen Muskeln.