Competitiveness and communication for effective inoculation byRhizobium,Bradyrhizobium and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi

After a short summary on the ecology and rhizosphere biology of symbiotic bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza fungi and their application as microbial inocula, results on competitiveness and communication are summarized. Stress factors such as high temperature, low soil pH, aluminium concentrations and phytoalexins produced by the host plants were studied withRhizobium leguminosarum bv.phaseoli andRhizobium tropici onPhaseolus beans. Quantitative data for competitiveness were obtained by usinggus ⁺ (glucoronidase) labelled strains, which produce blue-coloured nodules. ForPhaseolus-nodulating rhizobia, a group specific DNA probe was also developed, which did not hybridize with more than 20 other common soil and rhizosphere bacteria. Results from several laboratories contributing to knowledge of signal exchange and communication in theRhizobium/Bradyrhizobium legume system are summarized in a new scheme, including also defense reactions at the early stages of legume nodule initiation. Stimulating effects of flavonoids on germination and growth of VA mycorrhiza fungi were also found. A constitutive antifungal compound in pea roots, -isoxazolinonyl-alanine, was characterized.     

基于时态逻辑的多时间序列挖掘模型

为了从多时间序列之间发现的定性的时态相关模式可而更全面的理解和把握系统的演化特性,提出了一种基于时态逻辑的多时间序列挖掘模型.它首先将多时间序列转化为多事件序列,然后将预处理后的多事件序列利用区间时态逻辑(ITL)关系子集来定义多事件序列中事件间的时态相关模式.其次进行多状态序列融合和局部时态观测序列的生成,之后采用频繁模式挖掘算法发现多时间序列的频繁时序模式.该模型有助于解决时间序列挖掘所面临的若干挑战和难题,有助于扩展现有时间序列挖掘系统的功能,从而指导时间序列等复杂类型数据的知识发现过程.实验结果表明了该模型及算法的有效性和优越性.     

Prevention or acceleration of type 1 diabetes by viruses

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Even though extensive scientific research has yielded important insights into the immune mechanisms involved in pancreatic β-cell destruction, little is known about the events that trigger the autoimmune process. Recent epidemiological and experimental data suggest that environmental factors are involved in this process. In this review, we discuss the role of viruses as an environmental factor on the development of type 1 diabetes, and the immune mechanisms by which they can trigger or protect against this pathology.     

Loss-of-function mutations in sodium channel Nav1.7 cause anosmia

Loss of function of the gene SCN9A, encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.7, causes a congenital inability to experience pain in humans. Here we show that Na(v)1.7 is not only necessary for pain sensation but is also an essential requirement for odour perception in both mice and humans. We examined human patients with loss-of-function mutations in SCN9A and show that they are unable to sense odours. To establish the essential role of Na(v)1.7 in odour perception, we generated conditional null mice in which Na(v)1.7 was removed from all olfactory sensory neurons. In the absence of Na(v)1.7, these neurons still produce odour-evoked action potentials but fail to initiate synaptic signalling from their axon terminals at the first synapse in the olfactory system. The mutant mice no longer display vital, odour-guided behaviours such as innate odour recognition and avoidance, short-term odour learning, and maternal pup retrieval. Our study creates a mouse model of congenital general anosmia and provides new strategies to explore the genetic basis of the human sense of smell.     

Capnia caryi, an interesting new species of winter stonefly from the American Southwest (Plecoptera: Capniidae)

Capnia caryi , a new species of Nearctic Capniidae, is described from adults collected from high-elevation locations in the Southern Rocky Mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona. Males are distinguished by their rounded club-shaped epiproct and sclerotized knobs on abdominal terga 8 and 9. Females possess a darkly sclerotized subgenital plate that covers most of tergum 8 and is produced posteriorly as a pair of broadly rounded lobes.     

电脑横机导纱块控制方式比较及其规律的分析

本文首先比较了横机常用的几种给纱方式．讨论了在实际应用中各自的要求．然后针对多色提花织物，提出了一种导纱器的控制规律．     

The complete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat protein

X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (XLCSNB) is characterized by impaired scotopic vision with associated ocular symptoms such as myopia, hyperopia, nystagmus and reduced visual acuity. Genetic mapping in families with XLCSNB revealed two different loci on the proximal short arm of the X chromosome. These two genetic subtypes can be distinguished on the basis of electroretinogram (ERG) responses and psychophysical testing as a complete (CSNB1) and an incomplete (CSNB2) form. The CSNB1 locus has been mapped to a 5-cM linkage interval in Xp11.4 (refs 2,5-7). Here we construct and analyse a contig between the markers DXS993 and DXS228, leading to the identification of a new gene mutated in CSNB1 patients. It is partially deleted in 3 families and mutation analysis in a further 21 families detected another 13 different mutations. This gene, designated NYX, encodes a protein of 481 amino acids (nyctalopin) and is expressed at low levels in tissues including retina, brain, testis and muscle. The predicted polypeptide is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored extracellular protein with 11 typical and 2 cysteine-rich, leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). This motif is important for protein-protein interactions and members of the LRR superfamily are involved in cell adhesion and axon guidance. Future functional analysis of nyctalopin might therefore give insight into the fine-regulation of cell-cell contacts in the retina.