Highly reactive oxygen species: detection, formation, and possible functions

The so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as oxygen-containing species that are more reactive than O(2) itself, which include hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Although these are quite stable, they may be converted in the presence of transition metal ions, such as Fe(II), to the highly reactive oxygen species (hROS). hROS may exist as free hydroxyl radicals (HO·), as bound ("crypto") radicals or as Fe(IV)-oxo (ferryl) species and the somewhat less reactive, non-radical species, singlet oxygen. This review outlines the processes by which hROS may be formed, their damaging potential, and the evidence that they might have signaling functions. Since our understanding of the formation and actions of hROS depends on reliable procedures for their detection, particular attention is given to procedures for hROS detection and quantitation and their applicability to in vivo studies.     

Non-conventional sources of peptides presented by MHC class I

Effectiveness of immune surveillance of intracellular viruses and bacteria depends upon a functioning antigen presentation pathway that allows infected cells to reveal the presence of an intracellular pathogen. The antigen presentation pathway uses virtually all endogenous polypeptides as a source to produce antigenic peptides that are eventually chaperoned to the cell surface by MHC class I molecules. Intriguingly, MHC I molecules present peptides encoded not only in the primary open reading frames but also those encoded in alternate reading frames. Here, we review recent studies on the generation of cryptic pMHC I. We focus on the immunological significance of cryptic pMHC I, and the novel translational mechanisms that allow production of these antigenic peptides from unconventional sources.     

Novel macrophage polarization model: from gene expression to identification of new anti-inflammatory molecules

Plasticity is a well-known property of macrophages that is controlled by different changes in environmental signals. Macrophage polarization is regarded as a spectrum of activation phenotypes adjusted from one activation extreme, the classic (M1), to the other, the alternative (M2) activation. Here we show, in vitro and in vivo, that both M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes are tightly coupled to specific patterns of gene expression. Novel M2-associated markers were characterized and identified as genes controlling the extracellular metabolism of ATP to generate pyrophosphates (PPi). Stimulation of M1 macrophages with PPi dampens both NLR and TLR signaling and thus mediates cytokine production. In this context extracellular PPi enhanced the resolution phase of a murine peritonitis model via a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, our study reveals an additional level of plasticity modulating the resolution of inflammation.     

Calcium-induced cleavage of DNA topoisomerase I involves the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of calpain 2

Important to the function of calpains is temporal and spatial regulation of their proteolytic activity. Here, we demonstrate that cytoplasm-resident calpain 2 cleaves human nuclear topoisomerase I (hTOP1) via Ca²⁺-activated proteolysis and nucleoplasmic shuttling of proteases. This proteolysis of hTOP1 was induced by either ionomycin-caused Ca²⁺ influx or addition of Ca²⁺ in cellular extracts. Ca²⁺ failed to induce hTOP1 proteolysis in calpain 2-knockdown cells. Moreover, calpain 2 cleaved hTOP1 in vitro. Furthermore, calpain 2 entered the nucleus upon Ca²⁺ influx, and calpastatin interfered with this process. Calpain 2 cleavage sites were mapped at K¹⁵⁸ and K¹⁸³ of hTOP1. Calpain 2-truncated hTOP1 exhibited greater relaxation activity but remained able to interact with nucleolin and to form cleavable complexes. Interestingly, calpain 2 appears to be involved in ionomycin-induced protection from camptothecin-induced cytotoxicity. Thus, our data suggest that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may serve as a novel type of regulation for calpain 2-mediated nuclear proteolysis.     

Our impasse in developing a malaria vaccine

Malaria presents a challenge to world health that to date has been beyond the abilities of researchers to conquer. This critique presents some of the strategies employed by the parasite to overcome immunity and the immunological challenges that we face to develop vaccines. A conclusion is that a vaccine must identify novel antigens or epitopes that are not normally immunogenic and which are therefore not under immune pressure and most likely to be conserved between different strains. Such antigens are most likely to be targets of cellular immunity. The case for a whole parasite blood stage vaccine is presented based on these premises.     

Evidence that prokineticin receptor 2 exists as a dimer in vivo

Prokineticins are proteins that regulate diverse biological processes including gastrointestinal motility, angiogenesis, circadian rhythm, and innate immune response. Prokineticins bind two closed related G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), PKR1 and PKR2. In general, these receptors act as molecular switches to relay activation to heterotrimeric G-proteins and a growing body of evidence points to the fact that GPCRs exist as homo- or heterodimers. We show here by Western-blot analysis that PKR2 has a dimeric structure in neutrophils. By heterologous expression of PKR2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we examined the mechanisms of intermolecular interaction of PKR2 dimerization. The potential involvement of three types of mechanisms was investigated: coiled-coil, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions between transmembrane domains. Characterization of differently deleted or site-directed PKR2 mutants suggests that dimerization proceeds through interactions between transmembrane domains. We demonstrate that co-expressing binding-deficient and signaling-deficient forms of PKR2 can re-establish receptor functionality, possibly through a domain-swapping mechanism.     

绩效评价体系研究

项目绩效评价是一项复杂的系统工程管理过程.以项目管理绩效考评为基线,从绩效考评的含义、内容、方式、方法、目的、原则、程序、种类到绩效考评的限制、心理效应等方面作了系统分析,旨在项目绩效评价体系研究、建立和实施等方面建立完整的体系和思想.     

一种突发通信的IJF-OQPSK调制信号解调方法

提出了一种用于时分多址突发通信系统中的IJF-OQPSK调制信号解调方法.介绍了电路的组成及原理,分析了系统的性能.该方法具有电路结构简单、数据恢复快、相位抖动小的优点,对提高突发通信系统的效率有显著作用.实验结果表明在时分多址突发通信系统中,该方法具有很好的使用价值.