Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) of Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae species and hybrids

Species of Artemisia (subgenus Tridentatae ) dominate much of western North America. The genetic variation that allows this broad ecological adaptation is facilitated by hybridization and polyploidization. Three separate studies were performed in this group using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Fifty-seven 10-mer primers generated nearly 400 markers from genomic DNA obtained from leaf tissue. These studies were (1) a measure of the variability of plants within and between populations and between subspecies using 5 A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis populations, 2 A. cana ssp. cana populations, and 1 A. cana ssp. viscidula population; (2) an examination of the hypothesis that tetraploid (4 x ) Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana derives de novo from diploid (2 x ) populations via antopolyploidy; and (3) an examination of the validity of the status of putative hybrids that have been produced by controlled pollination. These later hybrid combinations- A. tridentata ssp. tridentata × A. t. ssp. vaseyana , A. t. ssp. wyomingensis × A. tripartita , and A. cana ssp. cana A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis - were made to combine traits of parental taxa in unique combinations with possible management application. RAPD marker data were subjected to similarity and UPGMA clustering analyses. RAPD markers were effective in measuring genetic diversity at different systematic levels. Individual plants within a population were approximately 55% to > 80% similar to one another; populations within subspecies gave corresponding values of similarity, probably a result of the combined effects of large population sizes and wind pollination. The 2 subspecies of A. cana were approximately 45% similar. At least some 4 x populations of A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana apparently derive de novo from 2 x plants based on their being embedded in 2 x phenogram groups, thus reinforcing evidence that autopolyploidy plays an important role in Tridentatae population biology. Two ( A. tridentata ssp. tridentata × A. t. ssp. vaseyana and A. cana ssp. cana × A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis ) of the 3 putative hybrid combinations were confirmed to include hybrids. These hybrids may have potential in management applications. Additional use of RAPD technology combined with other techniques may be useful in delimiting genetic characteristics and in guiding artificial selection in Tridentatae .     

Beyond Acceptance and Resistance: A Socio-Technical Approach to the Exploration of Intergroup Differences in ICT Use and Non-use at Work

Through a socio-technical approach and based on abductive case study analysis, this work explores the antecedents of differences in ICT use between two different employee groups in the same organizations. Prior to the large-scale implementation of a complex ERP system, one of the groups consisted of experienced ICT users, while the other consisted of inexperienced users. The significance of the nature of the interplay between task-technology fit, the leadership and the ICT-organization integration processes, and employees’ levels of self-determination, is investigated in relation to different user practices, and in particular, how it may institutionalize involuntary non-use for the group of inexperienced employees. Previous experience is a moderating variable, together with participation and interaction possibilities in everyday work. In a perspective of sociomateriality where user practices are seen as developing through situated everyday actions and interactions, the relationship between demands, control and support and inherent need satisfaction is elaborated. This study shows that employees’ use or non-use of new ICT has to do with how leadership behaviors affect the ICT-organization integration process and its outcomes, and how this process may serve the experienced employee group over the inexperienced, and as such contribute to involuntary non-use of new ICT for the latter.     

Effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the activity of cystathionase in mammalian parenchymatous organs during early development

Summary In rats after neonatal thyroid destruction, cystathionase in liver and pancreas increased, but the enzyme activity in kidneys decreased. Substitution with thyroxine corrected these changes. Excess of thyroxine, too, had an effect on tissue cystathionase.     

Strained silicon as a new electro-optic material

For decades, silicon has been the material of choice for mass fabrication of electronics. This is in contrast to photonics, where passive optical components in silicon have only recently been realized. The slow progress within silicon optoelectronics, where electronic and optical functionalities can be integrated into monolithic components based on the versatile silicon platform, is due to the limited active optical properties of silicon. Recently, however, a continuous-wave Raman silicon laser was demonstrated; if an effective modulator could also be realized in silicon, data processing and transmission could potentially be performed by all-silicon electronic and optical components. Here we have discovered that a significant linear electro-optic effect is induced in silicon by breaking the crystal symmetry. The symmetry is broken by depositing a straining layer on top of a silicon waveguide, and the induced nonlinear coefficient, chi(2) approximately 15 pm V(-1), makes it possible to realize a silicon electro-optic modulator. The strain-induced linear electro-optic effect may be used to remove a bottleneck in modern computers by replacing the electronic bus with a much faster optical alternative.     

Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay

The ages of the oldest stars in the Galaxy indicate when star formation began, and provide a minimum age for the Universe. Radioactive dating of meteoritic material and stars relies on comparing the present abundance ratios of radioactive and stable nuclear species to the theoretically predicted ratios of their production. The radioisotope 232Th (half-life 14 Gyr) has been used to date Galactic stars, but it decays by only a factor of two over the lifetime of the Universe. 238U (half-life 4.5 Gyr) is in principle a more precise age indicator, but even its strongest spectral line, from singly ionized uranium at a wavelength of 385.957 nm, has previously not been detected in stars. Here we report a measurement of this line in the very metal-poor star CS31082-001, a star which is strongly overabundant in its heavy elements. The derived uranium abundance, log(U/H) = -13.7 +/- 0.14 +/- 0.12 yields an age of 12.5 +/- 3 Gyr, though this is still model dependent. The observation of this cosmochronometer gives the most direct age determination of the Galaxy. Also, with improved theoretical and laboratory data, it will provide a highly precise lower limit to the age of the Universe.     

Ether soluble pigments in interglacial gyttja

Zusammenfassung Etwa 100 000 Jahre alte, interglaziale Gyttja aus Rodebäk im westlichen Dänemark (Riss-Würm-Interglazialzeit) wurde mit Äther extrahiert und die Extrakte mittels Papierchromatographie getrennt und untersucht. Es wurden grüne, gelbe und rote Pigmente gefunden. Aus den Absorptionsspektren und der Fluoreszenz dieser Stoffe ergibt sich, dass die grünen Pigmente Chlorophyllderivate, die gelben (sowie wenigstens eines der roten) Karotinoide sind. Die Gyttja enthielt schr wenige bestimmbare Pflanzenreste, hauptsächlich nur Pollen und Diatomeen. Die Farbstoffe müssen von lebenden Pflanzen im interglazialen See, in erster Linie Algen, herrühren, und haben infolge Lichtabschluss und niedrigem Redoxpotential sowie niedriger Temperatur ausserordentlich gute Aufbewahrungsbedingungen gefunden; normalerweise werden solche Stoffe schnell abgebaut.