全文获取类型
收费全文 | 199篇 |
免费 | 0篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 3篇 |
现状及发展 | 39篇 |
研究方法 | 37篇 |
综合类 | 107篇 |
自然研究 | 13篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 2篇 |
2017年 | 1篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 1篇 |
2014年 | 1篇 |
2013年 | 2篇 |
2012年 | 7篇 |
2011年 | 30篇 |
2010年 | 3篇 |
2009年 | 2篇 |
2008年 | 11篇 |
2007年 | 20篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 9篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 4篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有199条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Holocene Southern Ocean surface temperature variability west of the Antarctic Peninsula 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The disintegration of ice shelves, reduced sea-ice and glacier extent, and shifting ecological zones observed around Antarctica highlight the impact of recent atmospheric and oceanic warming on the cryosphere. Observations and models suggest that oceanic and atmospheric temperature variations at Antarctica's margins affect global cryosphere stability, ocean circulation, sea levels and carbon cycling. In particular, recent climate changes on the Antarctic Peninsula have been dramatic, yet the Holocene climate variability of this region is largely unknown, limiting our ability to evaluate ongoing changes within the context of historical variability and underlying forcing mechanisms. Here we show that surface ocean temperatures at the continental margin of the western Antarctic Peninsula cooled by 3-4 °C over the past 12,000 years, tracking the Holocene decline of local (65° S) spring insolation. Our results, based on TEX(86) sea surface temperature (SST) proxy evidence from a marine sediment core, indicate the importance of regional summer duration as a driver of Antarctic seasonal sea-ice fluctuations. On millennial timescales, abrupt SST fluctuations of 2-4 °C coincide with globally recognized climate variability. Similarities between our SSTs, Southern Hemisphere westerly wind reconstructions and El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation variability indicate that present climate teleconnections between the tropical Pacific Ocean and the western Antarctic Peninsula strengthened late in the Holocene epoch. We conclude that during the Holocene, Southern Ocean temperatures at the western Antarctic Peninsula margin were tied to changes in the position of the westerlies, which have a critical role in global carbon cycling. 相似文献
92.
Tom Flanagan Janet McIntyre-Mills Tony Made Kelly Mackenzie Charles Morse Gayle Underwood Ken Bausch 《Systemic Practice and Action Research》2012,25(2):171-193
Sustainability is not simply about changing practices but more centrally about agreeing to change practices together. To achieve such an end, groups need to improve processes for making complex decisions together. An online course was designed and tested linking students in the United States and in Australia. Students engaged in a re-enactment of deliberations based on Hasan Ozbekhan’s “Predicament of Mankind,” which was constructed originally under assignment from the founders of the Club of Rome in 1970. This re-enactment included contemporary research for examples of a set of 49 continuous critical problems of mankind, asynchronous clarification of these problems using a wiki, pair-wise construction of a systems view of problems assessed to be of highest priority by the class, narrative analysis of the structure, and creative suggestions for resolving the systems problem based on resources available today. This report comments on the strengths and challenges identified in an initial application of an approach for building collaborative and systems thinking skills through an online course in a general education curriculum. Findings are particularly meaningful for contemporary policy makers as well as online educators. 相似文献
93.
Greenman C Stephens P Smith R Dalgliesh GL Hunter C Bignell G Davies H Teague J Butler A Stevens C Edkins S O'Meara S Vastrik I Schmidt EE Avis T Barthorpe S Bhamra G Buck G Choudhury B Clements J Cole J Dicks E Forbes S Gray K Halliday K Harrison R Hills K Hinton J Jenkinson A Jones D Menzies A Mironenko T Perry J Raine K Richardson D Shepherd R Small A Tofts C Varian J Webb T West S Widaa S Yates A Cahill DP Louis DN Goldstraw P Nicholson AG Brasseur F Looijenga L Weber BL Chiew YE DeFazio A 《Nature》2007,446(7132):153-158
Cancers arise owing to mutations in a subset of genes that confer growth advantage. The availability of the human genome sequence led us to propose that systematic resequencing of cancer genomes for mutations would lead to the discovery of many additional cancer genes. Here we report more than 1,000 somatic mutations found in 274 megabases (Mb) of DNA corresponding to the coding exons of 518 protein kinase genes in 210 diverse human cancers. There was substantial variation in the number and pattern of mutations in individual cancers reflecting different exposures, DNA repair defects and cellular origins. Most somatic mutations are likely to be 'passengers' that do not contribute to oncogenesis. However, there was evidence for 'driver' mutations contributing to the development of the cancers studied in approximately 120 genes. Systematic sequencing of cancer genomes therefore reveals the evolutionary diversity of cancers and implicates a larger repertoire of cancer genes than previously anticipated. 相似文献
94.
We examined abundance and flight periodicity of 3 predators of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), Enoclerus sphegeus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and E. lecontei (Wolcott) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), across an elevational gradient of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Lawson) forests in north central Arizona. Predator populations were estimated at 10 sites in each of 3 elevation bands (low: 1600–1736 m; mid: 2058–2230 m; high: 2505–2651 m) for 3 years (2004–2006) using pheromone-baited funnel traps targeting 3 primary bark beetle species. We also investigated how predator abundance and flight seasonality related to those of 5 bark beetle species: Ips pini (Say), I. lecontei Swaine, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, D. brevicomis LeConte, and D. adjunctus Blandford. Temnochila chlorodia was most abundant in the low- and mid-elevation bands, whereas E. sphegeus was most abundant in the high-elevation band. Enoclerus lecontei showed no consistent elevational trend in abundance. Within each elevation band, changes in annual abundance of pooled predator species tracked shifts in abundance of pooled bark beetle species. In general, predator flight initiation coincided with or closely followed bark beetle flight initiation in the spring, but predator flight terminated before flight activity ended for most bark beetle species in the fall. In addition, the ratio of prey to predators was lowest in the summer and highest in the fall. This suggests that all bark beetle species examined may be provided temporal escape from their predators in the fall. For all 3 predator species, the pheromone-baited trap targeting D. brevicomis was less attractive than the pheromone-baited traps targeting I. pini and I. lecontei. 相似文献
95.
Smith UM Consugar M Tee LJ McKee BM Maina EN Whelan S Morgan NV Goranson E Gissen P Lilliquist S Aligianis IA Ward CJ Pasha S Punyashthiti R Malik Sharif S Batman PA Bennett CP Woods CG McKeown C Bucourt M Miller CA Cox P Algazali L Trembath RC Torres VE Attie-Bitach T Kelly DA Maher ER Gattone VH Harris PC Johnson CA 《Nature genetics》2006,38(2):191-196
Meckel-Gruber syndrome is a severe autosomal, recessively inherited disorder characterized by bilateral renal cystic dysplasia, developmental defects of the central nervous system (most commonly occipital encephalocele), hepatic ductal dysplasia and cysts and polydactyly. MKS is genetically heterogeneous, with three loci mapped: MKS1, 17q21-24 (ref. 4); MKS2, 11q13 (ref. 5) and MKS3 (ref. 6). We have refined MKS3 mapping to a 12.67-Mb interval (8q21.13-q22.1) that is syntenic to the Wpk locus in rat, which is a model with polycystic kidney disease, agenesis of the corpus callosum and hydrocephalus. Positional cloning of the Wpk gene suggested a MKS3 candidate gene, TMEM67, for which we identified pathogenic mutations for five MKS3-linked consanguineous families. MKS3 is a previously uncharacterized, evolutionarily conserved gene that is expressed at moderate levels in fetal brain, liver and kidney but has widespread, low levels of expression. It encodes a 995-amino acid seven-transmembrane receptor protein of unknown function that we have called meckelin. 相似文献
96.
Assembly and function of the two ABC transporter proteins encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex. 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
A Kelly S H Powis L A Kerr I Mockridge T Elliott J Bastin B Uchanska-Ziegler A Ziegler J Trowsdale A Townsend 《Nature》1992,355(6361):641-644
Presentation of cytoplasmic antigens to class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells implied the existence of a specialized peptide transporter. For most class I heavy chains, association with peptides of the appropriate length is required for stable assembly with beta 2-microglobulin. Mutant cells RMA-S and .174/T2 neither assemble stable class I molecules nor present intracellular antigens, and we have suggested that they have lost a function required for the transport of short peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum. The genetic defect in .174 has been localized to a large deletion in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex, within which two genes (RING4 and RING11) have been identified that code for 'ABC' (ATP-binding cassette) transporters. We report here that the protein products of these two genes assemble to form a complex. Defects in either protein result in the formation of unstable class I molecules and loss of presentation of intracellular antigens. The molecular defect in a new mutant, BM36.1, is shown to be in the ATP-binding domain of the RING11/PSF2 protein. This is in contrast to the mutant .134, which lacks the RING4/PSF1 protein. 相似文献
97.
Planavsky NJ McGoldrick P Scott CT Li C Reinhard CT Kelly AE Chu X Bekker A Love GD Lyons TW 《Nature》2011,477(7365):448-451
The chemical composition of the ocean changed markedly with the oxidation of the Earth's surface, and this process has profoundly influenced the evolutionary and ecological history of life. The early Earth was characterized by a reducing ocean-atmosphere system, whereas the Phanerozoic eon (less than 542 million years ago) is known for a stable and oxygenated biosphere conducive to the radiation of animals. The redox characteristics of surface environments during Earth's middle age (1.8-1 billion years ago) are less well known, but it is generally assumed that the mid-Proterozoic was home to a globally sulphidic (euxinic) deep ocean. Here we present iron data from a suite of mid-Proterozoic marine mudstones. Contrary to the popular model, our results indicate that ferruginous (anoxic and Fe(2+)-rich) conditions were both spatially and temporally extensive across diverse palaeogeographic settings in the mid-Proterozoic ocean, inviting new models for the temporal distribution of iron formations and the availability of bioessential trace elements during a critical window for eukaryotic evolution. 相似文献
98.
Yokoyama S Woods SL Boyle GM Aoude LG MacGregor S Zismann V Gartside M Cust AE Haq R Harland M Taylor JC Duffy DL Holohan K Dutton-Regester K Palmer JM Bonazzi V Stark MS Symmons J Law MH Schmidt C Lanagan C O'Connor L Holland EA Schmid H Maskiell JA Jetann J Ferguson M Jenkins MA Kefford RF Giles GG Armstrong BK Aitken JF Hopper JL Whiteman DC Pharoah PD Easton DF Dunning AM Newton-Bishop JA Montgomery GW Martin NG Mann GJ Bishop DT Tsao H Trent JM Fisher DE Hayward NK Brown KM 《Nature》2011,480(7375):99-103
99.
100.