A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25-35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10-30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.     

Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel

Megaflood events involving sudden discharges of exceptionally large volumes of water are rare, but can significantly affect landscape evolution, continental-scale drainage patterns and climate change. It has been proposed that a significant flood event eroded a network of large ancient valleys on the floor of the English Channel-the narrow seaway between England and France. This hypothesis has remained untested through lack of direct evidence, and alternative non-catastrophist ideas have been entertained for valley formation. Here we analyse a new regional bathymetric map of part of the English Channel derived from high-resolution sonar data, which shows the morphology of the valley in unprecedented detail. We observe a large bedrock-floored valley that contains a distinct assemblage of landforms, including streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves, which are indicative of large-scale subaerial erosion by high-magnitude water discharges. Our observations support the megaflood model, in which breaching of a rock dam at the Dover Strait instigated catastrophic drainage of a large pro-glacial lake in the southern North Sea basin. We suggest that megaflooding provides an explanation for the permanent isolation of Britain from mainland Europe during interglacial high-sea-level stands, and consequently for patterns of early human colonisation of Britain together with the large-scale reorganization of palaeodrainage in northwest Europe.     

人尿激酶原纤原受体识别区嵌合突变体的构建与表达

采用同源转座方法,构建了在尿激酶原K区138～139位点插入了赖氨酸甘氨酸天冬氨酸(KGD)序列的2种尿激酶原嵌合体基因(proUK-KGDW, proUK-KGDS),并以昆虫细胞SF9为宿主获得了高效表达,表达量在33.34 μkat·mL-1, 细胞密度为106·mL-1,表达高峰期表达产物占细胞总蛋白的15%以上.表达产物展示出较高的纤溶活性,并具有良好的人尿激酶原免疫原性,同时,经SDS-PAGE试验检测,昆虫细胞分泌的突变体相对分子质量符合理论预期,为5.4×104,绝大多数为单链态形式.经过离子交换、分子筛层析及超滤浓缩等步骤对突变体蛋白进行了初步纯化,光浊度法试验表明含有KGDW序列的尿激酶原突变体具有较强的血小板聚集抑制活性,而含有KGDS序列的突变体几乎不具有任何活性,表明羧基端边侧序列对KGD展示正常的受体结合活性影响较大.溶解圈试验表明2种突变体均保留了较高的纤溶活性,说明插入序列不影响尿激酶原的酶切活性.     

太阳米粒组织目标特性对望远镜相关跟踪系统的影响

研究太阳目标特性对太阳望远镜相关跟踪图像稳定系统的影响,采用Hinode太阳光学望远镜的观测数据,对以2min为时间间隔采样的5幅太阳米粒组织图像进行相关计算.针对国家天文台正在研制的空间太阳望远镜(SST)主光学望远镜(MOT)相关跟踪图像稳定系统,分析了太阳米粒组织随时间衍化对相关跟踪系统图像移动计算精度的影响以及米粒组织动态变化对望远镜曝光时间的影响.仿真结果表明,更换参考图像时间不能大于2min,并且在保证算法实时性的情况下,选用参考图像的尺寸与相关跟踪系统定位精度成正比.     

一阶脉宽调制型负载

针对目前负载模拟器动态和时变特性的局限性,提出了一种新的一阶电气负载设计方法。该方法借助调节负载开关管的导通时间实现电气负载的切换,以模拟一定参数范围内的任意一阶目标负载,通过单位周期内负载响应曲线的“函数距离”在负载曲线面积中所占的比例评判负载的模拟程度。对任意给定的实际负载使用其截止频率信号作为输入进行仿真,结果显示：对截止频率分别为20、50、80Hz的3个负载进行模拟,PWM的周期T为1 ms,占空比δ分别为9.9%、39.4%、69.1%,模拟偏差为1.48%、3.92%、3.57%,可见其负载模拟程度很高。仿真实验表明用该方法设计的一阶电气负载能够模拟一定参数范围内的任意一阶负载。     

浅议园林景观工程施工管理

园林景观是科学技术与文化艺术的结晶,施工质量的好坏直接影响到园林绿化工程的品质。一个好的创意能够使园林景观有持久的使用寿命和艺术寿命。本文主要对园林景观施工管理进行了探讨。     

Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy

The subventricular zone of many adult non-human mammals generates large numbers of new neurons destined for the olfactory bulb. Along the walls of the lateral ventricles, immature neuronal progeny migrate in tangentially oriented chains that coalesce into a rostral migratory stream (RMS) connecting the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. The adult human subventricular zone, in contrast, contains a hypocellular gap layer separating the ependymal lining from a periventricular ribbon of astrocytes. Some of these subventricular zone astrocytes can function as neural stem cells in vitro, but their function in vivo remains controversial. An initial report found few subventricular zone proliferating cells and rare migrating immature neurons in the RMS of adult humans. In contrast, a subsequent study indicated robust proliferation and migration in the human subventricular zone and RMS. Here we find that the infant human subventricular zone and RMS contain an extensive corridor of migrating immature neurons before 18 months of age but, contrary to previous reports, this germinal activity subsides in older children and is nearly extinct by adulthood. Surprisingly, during this limited window of neurogenesis, not all new neurons in the human subventricular zone are destined for the olfactory bulb--we describe a major migratory pathway that targets the prefrontal cortex in humans. Together, these findings reveal robust streams of tangentially migrating immature neurons in human early postnatal subventricular zone and cortex. These pathways represent potential targets of neurological injuries affecting neonates.     

耦合Schrdinger-KdV方程组的行波解

利用齐次平衡原则及修正的双曲函数展开方法,求出了耦合Schrdinger-KdV方程组的一些行波解.     

Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity

Many successful vaccines induce persistent antibody responses that can last a lifetime. The mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear, but emerging evidence indicates that they activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). For example, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D, one of the most successful empiric vaccines ever developed, activates dendritic cells via multiple TLRs to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. Triggering specific combinations of TLRs in dendritic cells can induce synergistic production of cytokines, which results in enhanced T-cell responses, but its impact on antibody responses remain unknown. Learning the critical parameters of innate immunity that program such antibody responses remains a major challenge in vaccinology. Here we demonstrate that immunization of mice with synthetic nanoparticles containing antigens plus ligands that signal through TLR4 and TLR7 induces synergistic increases in antigen-specific, neutralizing antibodies compared to immunization with nanoparticles containing antigens plus a single TLR ligand. Consistent with this there was enhanced persistence of germinal centres and of plasma-cell responses, which persisted in the lymph nodes for >1.5 years. Surprisingly, there was no enhancement of the early short-lived plasma-cell response relative to that observed with single TLR ligands. Molecular profiling of activated B cells, isolated 7 days after immunization, indicated that there was early programming towards B-cell memory. Antibody responses were dependent on direct triggering of both TLRs on B cells and dendritic cells, as well as on T-cell help. Immunization protected completely against lethal avian and swine influenza virus strains in mice, and induced robust immunity against pandemic H1N1 influenza in rhesus macaques.     

一种针对“低慢小”目标的栅格化感知系统设计

针对“低慢小”目标探测面临的问题,提出了一种栅格化理念解决问题思路,给出了栅格化感知系统的定义,设计了栅格化感知系统,包括传感器分系统、通信分系统、管理控制中心和综合保障分系统等组成和工作过程。分析了栅格化感知系统的关键技术,包括传感器低成本设计、“低慢小”目标检测、数据融合处理等技术。研究了栅格化感知系统的部署原则,建立部署原则模型,对于解决“低慢小”目标探测具有现实指导意义。